Strain Controlled Triaxial Test- Geotechnical Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION From civil engineering view, footing is the medium through which the structural piles atomic number 18 transferred safely and efficiently. Soil should be consistent enough to satisfy the requirements even under inevitable circumstances like temblor, bomb reactions etc. It is essential to incorporate the seismic effects into the primer coat properties. Like concrete or steel, engineering properties of soil ordurenot be found out using theory of mere fighting(a)s and vib balancens. It can be found only field and lab tests.To quench the above requirement, various techniques ar employed nowadays. The most common methods are cyclical candid overcharge, cyclic triaxial plume and cyclic torsional shear tests. The impulsive triaxial test is the most effective method to arrive the static and dynamic properties of soil like cyclic deformation, damping ratio, liquefaction authority etc. Though it has some limitations, it is widely used for the analysis of soil under seismic forces. The fundamental parameters developed from this test are cyclic shear stress and cyclic shear anatomy, through which the soil is defined.The tests can be done either by stress controlled (cyclic shear stress) or strain controlled (cyclic shear strain). The test tick offups are highly sophisticated and costly. It needs highly skilled labour. The measuring devices used in the system needs to be calibrated and sealed properly as it is more sensitive to disturbances. The results growed reflect the site seismic condition to the maximum level provided the strain level is unploughed minimum. Fig 1. 1 Triaxial Cell Fig 1. 2. A typical Cyclic triaxial apparatus 1. 1WHY DYNAMIC TRIAXIALThe high-octane forces are cartridge holder dependent and are unremarkably cyclic in nature i. e. they involve several racks of shipmenting, unloading and reloading. Earthquake is three dimensional in nature. Hence the shear waves and body waves produced by the earthquake tend to deform the soil in all the directions (for the horizontal level ground). Dynamic Triaxial tests actually reflect the soil condition (in all round stresses) in the site. During earthquakes, the seismic waves cause the loose sand to contract and thereby increasing the contract water hale.Under undrained loading, development of high pore pressure results in upward flow of water, thereby making the sand in liquefied condition. condense water pressure is measured effectively in triaxial tests. Among the stress-control and strain-control condition, strain control is adopted widely. This is because stress-control test has great sensitivity to the sampling disturbance. In case of strain-control, pore pressure developed during tests is less affected by type fabric and density. The tests can be done on intact specimens and reconstituted specimens.While comparing the results obtained from intact and reconstituted specimens, there is much deviation in stress-control compared to strain-cont rol. (tests done by vucetic and dobry, in 1988). Stress path control is used in the study of path dependence of soil behaviour. Stress deformation and strength characteristics depend on initial static stress field, initial void ratio, pulsating stress level and the frequency of loading. 1. 2APPLICATIONS There are variety of engineering problems which rely heavily on the behaviour of soils under dynamic conditions.These includes introduction and the remediation Of machine foundation, geotechnical earthquake engineering, protection against construction vibration, non-destructive characterization of the subsurface, design of offshore structures, screening of rail and concern induced vibrations, vibration isolation etc. When it comes to dynamic triaxial test, the wide range of application is the liquefaction behaviour of soil under seismic forces. 2. HISTORY One of the maiden pieces of equipment designed to test cyclic triaxial loading was the pendulum loading apparatus by Casagrande and Shannon in 1949.This utilizes the energy of the a pendulum which when released from a selected height, strikes a spring connected to the plumbers helper rod of a hydraulic cylinder, this cylinder is further connected to another cylinder located above the cel. The time of loading was in the midst of 0. 05 and 0. 01 sec. Fig. 2. 1. Pendulum Loading mechanism Casagrande and Shannon came up with an equipment called Falling Beam Apparatus as shown in Fig. 2. 2 In 1960, Sead and fead used Pneumatic System for cyclic loading. It marks the evolution of the dynamic triaxial shear apparatus. Fig. 2. 2. Falling Beam Apparatus 3.PRINCIPLE First attempt was made by Seed and Lee (1966) by consolidating a perfect(a) sample under a confining pressure and subjected to constant amplitude cyclic axial stress under undrained conditions. This test was performed till they deformed to a certain amount of peak axial strain. Under this condition creates a stress conditions on a plane of 45 through the sample which is the like as those produced on the horizontal plane in the ground during earthquakes. This is the basis on which the cyclic triaxial test works. Fig. 3. 1. Simulation of geostatic and cyclic stress in triaxial test. lop stress is taken into account as it causes deformation. To incorporate seismic effects, uniform shear stress for a given cycle is adopted for non-uniform stress time data. To achieve that a maximum shear stress is multiplied by a correction factor ?. Then the test is carried out till unavoidable deformation or failure to occur. 4. EQUIPMENT 4. 1. Parts of Dynamic triaxial apparatus suggested by ASTM D 3999 91(2003) APPARATUSPURPOSECONSIDERATION 1. Triaxial Pressure CellTo mount sample and conduct testTolerance for piston, top platen & low encounter piston seal.Ball bearings and friction sealTo minimise frictionFriction can be, 2 % of the maximum single amplitude cyclic load Load rodTo facilitate loadingdia = 1/sixth of specimen dia Specimen cap & BaseTo provide a sealed platform Rigid, non corrosive, impermeable, Cap weight 0. 5% of applied axial failure load (static), Valves To rate back pressure, booth pressure, pore water pressureLeak-proof, withstand applied pressure Top and bottom platensTo facilitate loading and provide a rigid baseProper alignment, load rod sealed with top platen with friction seal. 2.Cyclic Loading EquipmentTo induce cyclic loads Uniform sine wave 0. 1 to 2 Hz, simple ram or a closed loop electro hydraulic system 3. Recording EquipmentsTo record the data obtainedProperly calibrated Load MeasurementTo measure the cyclic loadsElectrical, parallel or digital Axial deformation MeasurementTo measure the strain rateLVDT or dial guages Pressure ControlTo regulate cell pressureMercury or pneumatic device Pore Pressure transducerTo measure pore pressureTransducers or electronic pressure meters Volume change MeasurementTo check the volume change in the specimenCalibrated and widely used guages 3. multil ateral a. Rubber membrane b. Filter paper To hold the specimen To facilitate saturation Leak-proof with minimum restraint Must not cover more than 50% of the specimen. Fig. 4. 1. Schematic Diagram of a stain-controlled dynamic triaxial test 4. 2WORKING PROCEDURE The working mechanism mainly involves three phases a)Saturation phase ab initio the sand is sample saturated by applying cell and back pressure simultaneously. (cell pressure back pressure) b)Consolidation phase during test, void ratio should be kept constant. It is obtained in this phase. Back pressure valve is closed. )Load var. Actual test begins here. Strain rate is fixed using gear system. Cyclic load is applied either using hydraulic or pneumatic type. Loads and corresponding strains are recorded at loading, unloading and reloading. Test is continued until the required strain or failure occurs. 5. RESULTS From the cyclic triaxial test, we can obtain various graphs for detailed analysis, Load Vs Deformation Deviatoric Stress Vs Time Axial Strain (%) Vs Time otiose Pore Pressure Vs Axial Strain (%) Excess Pore Pressure Vs Time Deviatoric Stress Vs Axial Strain (%) Fig. 5. 1. Axial load Vs. axial deformationFrom the hysteresis loop obtained, the dynamic Youngs modulus (Ed) can be calculated, from which shear modulus (G) can be calculated using poissons ratio (). Damping factor (D) can also be calculated from the loop obtained. hook Modulus, G = Ed / 2(1+) Damping factor,D = Ai / 4? At Ai ? Area of Loop At ? Area of shaded portion 6. Discussions Two series of undrained cyclic triaxial strain controlled tests were performed by Mladen Vucetic and Richardo Dobry, on 2 different Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. Both intact and reconstituted specimens were tested.The cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup. The saturated deposit is composed of two layers an upper, looser, sandy silt unit located between 2. 6 m and 3. 5 m depth, containing more fines (37%) (sand A), and the lower, loose to medium-dense sand unit located between 3. 5 m and 6. 8 m, containing less fines (25%) and (sand B). Selected plots of normalized cyclic shear stress, ? cy* = ? cy/? c and normalized residual pore pressure, u* = u/? c, versus number of uniform strain cycles, nc, up to nc = 30, are shown in Figs. 6. 1 and 4 for sands A and B, respectively, ? y above is the amplitude of cyclic shear stress acting on 45 planes within the specimen, with ? cy= ? dc/2 , where ? dc is the cyclic deviatoric stress amplitude, and u is the accumulated residual cychc pore pressure at the end of the pertinent strain cycle, derived from measurements at the point of the cycle at which the cyclic stress ? dc = ? cy = 0. Fig. 6. 1 Comparison of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of sand A The effect of sand fabric, that is, the difference between results obtained on reconstituted and intact specimens, is canvas next for both sands A and B, with the help of Figs. . 1 and 6. 2. It can be readily noticed in these two figures that the residual pore pressures in cyclic triaxial strain-controlled tests are practically unaffected by the change of sand fabric (u* versus nc curves), while, on the contrary, soil stiffness is significantly affected (? cy* versus nc curves). This is especially evident in Fig. 6. 2. Fig. 6. 2 Comparison of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of B. Fig. 6. 3 Residual pore pressure in reconstituted specimens of sands A and sand B It mustiness also be noticed that the range of cyclic shear stresses measured at a given cyclic strain in Figs. . 1 and 6. 2, for the two sands and for the two types of specimen fabric, is quite wide, in contrast to the corresponding range of pore pressures in Fig. 6. 3, which is very narrow. This confirms once again that cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup, and that use of strain -controlled testing represents the most appropriate, as well as the most convenient, approach currently available for evaluation of seismic pore pressures and liquefaction of level ground sites. 7. FACTORS AFFECTING CYCLIC STRENGTHEffect of Confining Stress Critical void ratio is not a constant but decreases as confining pressure increases. The stress ratio decreases with increasing confining pressure. Effect of Loading Wave diverseness As the load data obtained from history are converted into uniform cycle by ?. The order of increasing strength was rectangular, triangular and sine effect of Frequency on Cyclic Strength The frequency effects have only a minor ( 10 percent) effect on cyclic strength of the soils. The slower loading frequency have slightly higher strength. set up of Relative Density At relation densities 50%, complete liquefaction occurred almost simultaneously, and relative densities above 70% were required for safety against large strains. Effects of size & Gra dation Well-graded material was somewhat weaker than uniformly graded material. This finding was attributed to a great densification tendency in well-graded soils, as finer particles move into voids between larger particles, than occurs in uniformly graded soils. This densification tendency causes increased pore pressure.Effects of sampling on strain history Once a specimen has liquefied and reconsolidated to a denser structure, despite this densification, the specimen is much weaker to cyclic stresses reapplied. Effects of Over consolidation Ratio and Ko The maximum deviator stress required to cause a critical strain for a specified number of cycles increases with the Ko ratio. Also the cyclic strength increases as OCR and fines content increase. 8. VALIDATION The validation of the apparatus is done by successive tests, researchers experience and available equipments.Mladen vucetic and richardo dobry conducted two series (Intact and Reconstituted Specimens) of undrained cyclic tri axial tests on Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. The results were compared and the experimental set up was validated. Further the tests were conducted on different types of sand and validated. 9. DEVELOPMENTS Since 1966, there has been a considerable improvements in the triaxial testing apparatus meeting results of higher accuracy and efficiency. Initially stress controlled methods were used, then strain controlled methods were adopted.To apply loads, initially hydraulic jack was used, then pneumatic system was used and then electro piezometer. Likewise there are so more advancements of triaxial tests. Some of the advancements are discussed below. Chan (1981), and Li et al (1988) Fig. 7. 1. , have developed a popular electro-pneumatic apparatus which incorporates many advancements in apparatus design and operation. Fig. 9. 1. Electro-pneumatic Apparatus Automated Cyclic Triaxial system is the next development, which is the most c omonly used apparatus. It is well known for its automated input and outputSystem, data acquisition and nimble results. Fig. 9. 2. Automated Triaxial System 9. 1 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS GDS Entry level Dynamic triaxial testing system ?Technical Specifications ?Maximum operating(a) Frequency 5Hz ?Minimum Operating Frequency 0. 001Hz ?Highly accurate dynamic, electro-mechanical actuator ?Available sample sizes (depending on cell selection) 38 x 76mm (or ? 39. 1 x 78. 2mm) to ? 150 x 300mm. Fig. 9. 3. GDS ELD ? 16-Bit dynamic data logging ?16 Bit dynamic actuator control channel ?Cell pressure range to 2MPa (dependent of cell choice) ?Small laboratory foot score No hydraulic power pack required ?Standard Triaxial cells can be used (upgraded to dynamic seals and bearings) ? Can be upgraded to perform P and S wave bender element testing. ?Can be upgraded to perform unsaturated triaxial testing with the addition of the following items a)Unsaturated pedestal with high air entry porous ston e. b)1000cc digital air Pressure/volume controller (ADVDPC) for the application of pore air pressure and measurement of air volume change c)Optional HKUST double cell (available in the data sheet Unsaturated Triaxial Testing of Soil (UNSAT).As well as dynamic triaxial tests, the ELDyn system can be utilised to take on out traditional triaxial tests such as UU, CU and CD as well as more advanced tests such as stress paths, K0 and alive Modulus tests. HS28. 610 cyclic triaxial test system is also a sophisticated apparatus available in Newdelhi (India). DYNATRIAX is another advanced cyclic triaxial equipment available at many places Los Angeles, Poland and many countries. It can operate at a maximum frequency of 10Hz. 10. CONCLUSION Many innovative systems for cyclic loading of soil have emerged in geotechnical engineering.Each system has its unique advantages and limitations. Some ways of minimizing these limitations have been pointed out. The advanced equipments are an additional t ool for performing cyclic loading, in particular liquefaction testing. perfect care must be used in preparing remoulded sand specimens, and special attention must be paid to testing techniques in order to obtain reproducible test results. In particular, the method of specimen preparation, the shape of the loading wave form, and the preciseness of density determinations greatly affect cyclic strength.Hence, development of ASTM standards for cyclic triaxial testing should include consideration of these factors in the results of this investigation. 11. REFERENCES ASTM D 3999 Determination of Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus Advanced triaxial testing of soil and rock Page 484 by Robert T. Donaghe, Ronald C. Chaney, Marshall L. Silver Chan, C. K. , 1981, An Electropneumatic Cyclic Loading System, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 183-187. Dynamic Geotechnical Testing H Ronald J. Ebelhar, Vincent P. Drnevich, and Bruce L. K utter. STP 1213 ASTM PublicationDynamic Geotechnical Testing a symposium by Marshall L. Silver Khosla, V. K. and Singh, R. D. , Apparatus for Cyclic Stress Path Testing, Geoteehnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 6, No. 4, Dec. 1983, pp. t65-172. Fundamental of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering By Prasad. Soil Liquefaction, a critical state approach by Mike Jefferies & Ken Been Kramer, Steven L. , Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996 Townsend, F. C, A Review of Factors Affecting Cyclic Triaxial Teste, Dynamic Geotechnical Testing, ASTM STP 654, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978, pp. 356-383.

Manage customer

Customer run is crucial in the automotive industry, especially given the swerve amount of choice consumers have today. A customer who has a bad experience with a scrape has plenty of others to choose from. The same is true with dealers-there might be another store selling and table service the same brand Just a few miles away. A bad experience in the service departmentthe department that Is generally the most profitable for a dealershipor on the gross sales floor can chase customers away.By Implementing customer feedback strategies, the organization will be able to discover he companys strengths and potential weaknesses, as set by the actual customer. Reacting on the feedback In a timely and entrance manner will Increase revenues and customer satisfaction. Although a customer feedback programs will be an added cost In the beginning, long term It will save currency for the organization, as It costs far more money to get new customers than keep a satisfied, existing customers. U nderstanding what customers think of the organization will remediate service delivery and quality of products leading to business sustainability.Customers should be the centre of the approach. Whatever he says and asks from you, it should be immediately responded to. Be kind and show to them that you are always willing to answer their queries and help them in any way. Make them feel important and greatly valued. To meet customer emergencys it is necessary to show why customers purchase and to match both products and services and the selling style of the organization with customer needs. You need to know who your customers are, where they come from and what their buying intentions are.

Men Should Get Paternity Leave from Work Essay

Why not? In todays world where gender equality is behind taking importance, men getting paternity leave does not seem like an alien idea. motherhood leaves are never objectionable however when it comes to paternity leaves it becomes one of the most controversial topics of all times. Reasons for maternal quality leaves are well justified as the women contain to carry the child with them as part of their physical structure until the child is born but there are justified reasons for the paternity leave as well. art objectpower occupy just as much right, need and obligation to spend quality time hold fast with and caring for a newborn.With families living isolated from close relatives, it may be tight for the mothers family to support her after the birth of the baby as was tradition. Now introducing paternity leave, the father can quicken this important role. Men should get paternity leave from work for a reasonable amount of time, because worthy a parent is a life-changing ev ent that they need to be a part of. Statistics have turn up that men that are an active part of their childrens births and are present for the few weeks after have a stronger bond with their children, making them better fathers, and giving the children a better environment to grow up in.When a woman gives birth to a child, it is emotionally and physically draining. If a father has the opportunity to catch home for the first couple of weeks to care for both his wife and his new child, it will make a world of difference. I dont believe that paternity leave needs to be some(prenominal) months like maternity leave is. But giving men a few weeks will have a positive effect on home, family life, and happiness. There is always a moral support when the man is there in the house. A man on paternity leave may dedicatedly serve his partner. non all out of house assignments can be carried out by a pregnant woman. braggy the maternity leaves alone cant help the women completely as how would they overcome the needs at critical times. No one understands her better than her husband. Gone are the days when there used to be joint families. Most of the policies existing today are based on policies formulated during those days only. forthwith people prefer living lives their way. When the number of members in the family are restricted to husband and wife only, it becomes difficult for the lady to cope with even the minor requirements.It is not always feasible to call the neighbors especially in the metropolitan where all are busy and you really do not know much some them. In a world where nobody has the time to stand and take a deep glimmer paternity leaves come in handy as it allows the men to take a break from their febrile schedules and give time to their family. It is a common scene these days that due to work pressure the employees cancels or postpones number of personal commitments which are seldom recognized by the organizations.Certain jobs require lot of frontier good dealtlement travels hence they get the least time to support their partner when she needs them the most. Sometimes the irony is that the travel is increased during those critical periods leaving the men regretted forever. Paternity leaves will help people in this sector. I would like to conclude by saying that both the father and the mother should get a set amount of time they can distribute among themselves as parental leave. This would allow flexibility and is the most plum option. Only allowing women to get leave is sexist, but requiring an equal split would ignore the personal needs of families.

Language Teaching Essay

Over the past thirty years, engineering science is playing an important piece in various areas of interest such as text, graphics, sound and animation. 1 of the area in which we are interested, is Language Teaching. Nowadays Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) is increasingly becoming touristed among all. It has been evolved as a highly successful source of nurture in the area of research and operable methodology to enhance the traditional teaching methods.The book Computer-assisted Language Learning (Levy, M. 1997) defines CALL as the series of programs designed specializedally to promote talking to learning. He analyzed the results of a comprehensive CALL Survey, which he carried out among authors of CALL materials in order to determine what kinds of conceptual frameworks lay behind their work. From this, he rig that the new approach to Language Learning is Data Driven Learning (DDL). Tim Johns, University of Birmingham, found it.In DDL the learning process is no l onger based solely on the teachers initiative, his/her choice of topics and materials and the pellucid teaching of rules, but on the learners own discovery of rules, principles and patterns of usage in the foreign language (Levy 1997123) The objective of inclusion of cultivation Technology (IT) in language teaching is to develop an go on understanding of practical, technical and practical aspects of IT applications in language teaching among students.In addition, students are also overt to concordancing software, computer-based discussion forums, internet navigation, composition skills and other language learning multimedia activities. IT nookie be implement in language teaching by giving the students, online homework, asking them to search the net to have an conception about the topics to be taught in class and by letting them to go for interactive studies via internet kind of than spoon- feeding All these methods develop the communication as well as composition skills of t he children. Infact, it is the turning specify for our education system i. e from subject-oriented to learner-oriented.Proceeding further, we will come to know about potential role of IT in learning and teaching. Also, we will have a detail study of various ITLT program proposed by some key scholars and their research. Our focus will be on the contingent ways of employ usable technology, at the same time we will have a brief overview of future possibilities of ITLT. Role Of Information Technology In Language Teaching and Learning- Imagine, if you were asked to teach tomorrows technology in todays classroom.How will you manage to give deep knowledge of the concerned topic to the students. This is possible if students are subjected to explore the topic presented from sources spanning the globe which are in the form of text, graphics, audio and video. Students can pucker information by directly interacting with experts through and throughout the world. This is the role played by t echnology( internet and World round-eyed Web) in classroom studies. World Wide Web offers real world example of integrated knowledge, possibilities for cooperative working, up-to-date and abundant information.It is a rich source of authentic language and cultural material, appeals to learners with visual or tactile learning styles and builds critical learning skills. It also provides an opportunity for skimming or scanning work out and for online publishing. This type of learning can be achieved by introducing various softwares available in market, having a specific methodology for polishing the communication and other skills of the learners. CALL is a software that includes methodologies like giving eight-fold choice questions, fill in the blanks and other such types which can be easily corrected by the computer.The performance of student can be judged easily by these kind of worksheets. It plays an important role in developing logical and reasoning skills of the student. Howev er, CALL fails to examine complex exercises i. e it becomes a time overpowering task for it. This problem can be solved by Natural Language Processing ( natural language processing ) tools . It has an additional features such as written texts can be listened with the help of speech synthesizer, sentences can be analyzed by sentence structure viewer, verb conjugations can be verified with a conjugation tool, an error diagnosis system, spell checker, grammar checker etc.Nowadays, language media centers have replaced audiotape language labs. Language media centers are equipped with equipment and computer software audio and video materials printed materials technical support faculty and resources assistants training of teaching staff materials development Also, learners can have access to foreign language documents through World Wide Web. They can also contact their teachers, classmates and native speakers via electronic mail (E-mail). Network base Language Teaching(NBLT) is a kind o f CALL in which computers are locally or globally connected.It is astray used in tutorials, drills, simulations, instructional games, tests etc. Through these computer-mediated communication, learners can enhance their communication (hearing, reading, listening ) skills by noticing the language used in messages they compose and read. Hyperproof is a Macintosh software program. It assists in learning the principles of analytic reasoning and proof construction. It combines graphical and sentential information to present a set of logical rules using which student learns to construct proof of problems having consequence or no-cosequence.Hyperproof software checks the validity of each type of proof. multicolour is another software having an application in drill and practice, tutorial, game, simulation, assessment, instructional management etc. It enhances the reasoning and communication skills of the learner by providing them with the activities like multiple choice questions, fill-i n exercises, pronounciation, dialog repetition, listening comprehension, transcription, vocabulary learning, database grammatical construction etc.

Grief and Loss in Adolescence: Principles, Responses and Challenges

ruefulness and loss argon primordial prognosiss of life they are inevitabilities that stem from our mortality and our natural propensity to form deep emotional bonds with those approximate to usour family, friends and colleagues.Perhaps C. S. Lewis captured the sensation of melancholy crush when he said No one ever told me that sorrow felt so like fear.I am not afraid, but the sensation is like world afraid. The same fluttering in the stomach, the same restlessness, the yawning. I keep on sw anyowing. C. S. Lewis, A Grief find How one physically manifests grief may vary between age groups and cultures but it is a normal occurrence in humans who are of normal cognitive development.In this paper, grief and loss forget be reviewed in the context of Wordens principles and theories specifically, what these principles say ab come to the fore grief and loss, how they might apply to the adolescence demographic, what challenges the health make out provider might expect to encoun ter when working with a grieving adolescent, and how a health dispense provider asshole outstrip respond to a grieving teenager. A series of hypothetical neat electric charge settings willing be presented to illustrate how a nurse might best proceed in responding to a grieving adolescent.Death during AdolescenceAdolescence is a transitionary floor of life that poses uncomparable challenges for the individual. Change is the hallmark of this developmental point in time as teenagers struggle with hormonal changes, newfound desires for independence, confidence issues, and concerns rough body image. Grief and loss during this stage of life, whether it be the loss of a parent, relative, or jam friend, often greatly exacerbates the emotional state of a teen who is already experiencing the stresses associated with the transition from child to adult.According to Metzgar, typical grief responses of teenagers include anger, depression, withdrawal, frustration, confusion, acting out, and noncompliance (Metzgar, 2002). opposed young children, who often do not fully contemplate the finality of remainder, adolescents are usually awake that last is final (Freeman, 2005). According to Freeman, adolescents sport the mature in carve upectual development necessary to understand the internality concepts of deathuniversality, non-functionality, irreversibility, and causalityand seat elucidate fully the details (Freeman, 2005).This greater understanding of death places adolescents close set(predicate) to adults on the take of death awareness however, teens may wonder if a dead person will return this thinking may include supernatural elements as teens often associate an unexpected death or serious illness with a supernatural event or cause (Brewster, 1982). An adolescents grief statement is highly personal in constitution, and unlike adults, teens tend to grieve more intensely.Often their grief response is not expressed smoothly or continuously but takes the f orm of a series of punctuated outbursts in some(prenominal) cases an adolescent may make a concerted effort to control his or her emotions (Worden, 1996). In attempting to control their emotions, a teen may retreat inwardly by immersing themselves in highly personal activities such as reading, writing, listening to music, or exercising in other cases, a teen may loss to judgment of dismissal the anger and sadness associated with their grief in this case, he or she may act out angry or antisocial behavior (Worden, 1996).Of particular importance from a health dread prospect is the recognition that teens often perceive death as something that happens to others even though they recognize that death is a phenomenon that can and will happen to everyone. When a teen is confronted with the death of a close friend or relative, their perception of death as being a phenomenon that is distant from them, is abruptly challenged. In the case of the death of a peer, death is often suddenin an American study, the three leading causes of death in the 15 to 24 socio-economic class-old age group are accidents, homicide, and suicide (Minino and Smith, 2001).In such cases, a teens sense of pseudo-immortality is often shattered (Freeman, 2005). The trauma associated with this may cause a teen to experience an overpower sense of servicelessness or powerlessness (Aronson, 2005). In the case of the loss of one or some(prenominal) parents, a teen may experience a grief reaction that is unique for their age demographican irrational guilt associated with the normal desire to detach from their parents (Freeman, 2005). For the health guard worker, it is crucial that this particular grief reaction is considered when benefactoring a teen deal with the loss of one or both parents.Theoretical Principles Grief and Loss according to Worden.In Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy, Worden conceptualizes the process of grief into a framework of quadruplet tasks that he suggests need to be addressed and completed before the process of mourning can be concluded (Worden, 1991). Wordens four task paradigm consists ofTask 1. To accept the reality of the lossTask 2. To work by means of the pain of griefTask 3. To adjust to an environment in which the deceased is missingTask 4. To emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with lifeAccording to Worden, children and teens, like adults, mustiness acknowledge and accept the reality and finality of death before they can protrude to deal with the emotional impact of this loss (Worden, 1991). Generally this is easier for teens than children because their concept of death is more developed and in tune with that of an adults. In order to process facilitate acknowledgement of loss, a health care worker needs to explain the circumstances of the loss in a style that is both holy and age earmark.Since maturity levels vary within the teen demographic, one must not assume a given maturity level based on age in this case the ca rer should make a concerted effort to determine the maturity level of a teen through dialogue and placard (Smead, 1994). In task two, Worden suggests that the painful emotions associated with grief need to be worked through. By working through, Worden suggests that emotions need to be released in a heavy manner such that a teen is able to cope with the nature of their loss.In this case, the carer needs to assist the teen with opening uphelping the teen discuss their fears and anxieties in a non-judgmental way. Encouraging teens to express their grief through creative arts and by engaging in rituals can be therapeutic in this regard. (Silverman and Nickman, 1999) In Wordens third task, adjusting to the loss of a deceased peer, sibling or parent requires that the adolescent develop an changeation to this loss.Adaptation will be heavily influenced by what map the deceased played in the teens life often this adaptation requires an extended head of adjustment (Worden, 1991). In thi s case, the health care workers role is to help the teen adapt to the loss of old roles (roles associated with the deceased) and adjust to the emergence of new roles (roles previously associated with the deceased now taken up by other individuals). In Wordens final task, the deceased are relocatedthey are set in an appropriate emotional place such that the bereaved can move on with their lives.For many a(prenominal) bereaved individuals, relocation may involve the pondering of existential questions Where did the deceased go? Why did they go across? Is there a Heaven? Children and teens are often more open to supernatural explanations, and in this case, principle in an afterlife can be therapeutic as it helps the individual maintain a healthy and tangible link to the deceasedit may give the bereaved a sense that the deceased is ceremonial over me from Heaven (Silverman, Nickman and Worden, 1992).Grief and Loss in the Acute Care Setting A Nurses RoleWhen a nurse is expected to pr ovide emotional care to a bereaved teen, he orshe must consider a number of factors that may influence the grieving process. These may include age, level of maturity, psychological state, physical state, and circumstances of the loss. In the following hypothetical case stu take places, a nurse will offer emotional support directed specifically at teens whom are experiencing different stages of grief as out line of creditd by Worden. The question to be answered in each case is this What would be the most appropriate nursing response? In each case, as the attending nurse, you will note the individuals age, statements, stress level, and physical demeanor.Case Study One The immediate loss of a best friendTom is an 18 course of study old who has been admitted to a hospital emergency room after a traumatic car accident. His best friend Bret was a passenger and has been killed in the accident. Tom has minor physical injuries that you are tending to. He has just been informed that his bes t friend died at the scene. Emotional and in disbelief, he yells Youre all lying Bret is not dead He cant be dead He cant be Its my fault Bret is shaking.ResponseUsing compassionate but clear and direct language you reaffirm that Bret has died. You show empathy to Tom but avoid making value judgments for him that offer explanations for the death or attribute blame. When interfacing with Toms parents you explain to them the stage of grief their son is going through and how best to assist him through it.Case Study Two Working through the loss of a parentSarah is a or so rebellious 17 year-old with a strong sense of independence. She doesnt always see center of attention to eye with her mother, Jenifer. Six months previous, Jenifer died suddenly in car accident. Since the accident, Sarah has suffered major anxiety attacks and has been plagued by guilt. At school she has been tough in arguments and fights with other girls on this occasion she is in the school infirmary after fightin g with another(prenominal) girl. After initially appearing angry, Sarah breaks down in tearsand says Why did my Mom have to die I didnt really want her out of my lifeResponseYou consol Sarah, and listen to heryou let her release her emotions without restraining or judging her. You reassure Sarah that it is ok and normal to feel fear, guilt and doubt, and that is ok to express her feelings. You tell Sarah that she can come and share her feelings with you whenever she feels the need. If interfacing with Sarahs father, explain to him what Sarah is experiencing, and offer helpful suggestions that are in line with Wordens model for task two grief.Case Study Three Adapting to the loss of a siblingJanet and Karen are sisters close in age, 15 and 17 respectively. They were inseparable and enjoyed doing things together such as sports, shopping and talking about boys. Janet looked up to Karen who she thought of as being her pillar of strength and confidant. Last year Karen died suddenly from a rare form of meningitis. Janet has accepted the loss but has had a hard time readjusting to life without her sister. She is in the hospital being attended to for self inflicted cuts on her arms. Janet states that life is unexciting now because her sister is gone.ResponseWith empathy you help Janet recognize and reassign the emotional roles filled by her sister. You may suggest ways to help Janet think up Karen in a desensationalized way such that the memory of Karen is retained and respected but that recognizes that life must go on. The suggestion of doing activities (previously done with Karen) with friends or classmates might be helpful. This information should be relayed to Janets parents to help them understand how they might be able to assist Janet adjust to life without Karen.Case Study Four Relocating a deceased grandparentFourteen year old Ben loved fishing with his grandfather. Granddad was Bens best friend. Earlier this year Bens granddad died suddenly from a heart at tack. Ben accepted that granddad was gone, and he knew that there would be no more fishing. Ben was admitted to the hospital to receive stitches for a fall Ben asks you Miss, where do dead people go? My Granddad died this year you know. In a melancholy tone he continues, Ill never have a friend like him again.ResponseIn a compassionate tone reply that you are not sure where people go when they die and that it is one of lifes great mysteries. You may suggest that many people have different ideas as to where people go after death. show to Ben that life is about continuing to develop special moments with people we associate with in life. Keep in mind that grief resolution involves reflecting on the meaning of a deceased persons life, and retention this as a pleasant memory. It is not meant to focus on the death itself.ConclusionsGrief is a fundamental aspect of life. Adolescence, being a major transitional stage in human growth and development brings with it unique emotional challeng es. These challenges need to be addressed by the health care worker if he or she is to effectively assist a teen who is grieving for a deceased peer, sibling or parent. Worden suggests a four step paradigm for the grieving process that can serve as a talent scout for elucidating the stage of grief an individual may be experiencing.Knowledge of this model can assist the health care worker in grief stage recognition, and in making informed decisions that will ultimately help a teen deal with challenges involved in the of grieving process. With the support and encouragement of health care workers, peers, and relatives, adolescents can learn to successfully manage grief and loss, and move forward with their lives.

Managing communication knowledge and information Essay

Londons Heathrow is 1 of the worlds busiest airports. It is apply by over 82 airlines flying to 180 destinations (in 85 countries) worldwide. The airport has five passenger terminals and a cargo terminal. In the 1950s, Heathrow had six runship finishal, now it has good two parallel run ship focussing running eastwest of the airport. Heathrow has witnessed hale growth over recent decades, currently handling ab bring out 72.3 million passengers and over 477,000 flights a grade comp atomic number 18d to around 48 million passengers and 427,000 flights a year in 1996. In the absence of any outgrowth in runway faculty, this growth has resulted in Heathrows runways operating at around 98% force compargond to its main European competitors which operate at around 75% capacity, leading to extendd delays, lower resiliency and fewer destinations served.As the UK continues to face the challenge of airport capacity, Heathrow is considered the most deliverable solution because it buil ds on one of the UKs strongest national assets. Over the last decade since 2003, 11bn has been spent on making Heathrow world-class, with the award-winning net 5 and the new Terminal 2 (The Queens Terminal which opened in June 2014). thither are separate several reasons why Heathrow is best placed to deliver more jobs, more exports, handicraft opportunities and air travel options for passengers. For example, the centre of economic gravity is to the west of London.There are 120 of the UKs top 300 company HQs located at heart a 15 mile radius of Heathrow, compared to just 16 within 15 miles of Gatwick. Several businesses are located tight fittingr to Heathrow as they recognise the greater long-haul connections and surface inlet it has making it easier for them to do business around the globe. The Thames Valley area, for example, has 60% more world(prenominal) businesses than the national UK average, 100% more US businesses and 260% more Japanese businesses. Heathrow result su stain more UK businesses go global with a third runway as it already carries more freight exports and imports than every other UK airport combined, and cargo facilities depart be doubled as a result of this plan.However, Heathrow authorities attain faced a big problem, whether to build a new airport (option 1) or to increase the capacity of the existing one by building the tertiary runway and a sixth terminal (option 2). The countenance option require less investment and is potentially easier to accomplish, but holds more political and kindly support and agreements as there are many stakeholders with different views about the proposal of a tertiary runway. On one side there are economic benefits, on the other side are considerations involving the environmental impact, increasing noise level and discontent of the people, particularly those living on the area close to the airport.The Airports Commission has been tasked with recommending the best way forward on the UK airport c apacity issue. (Adapted from www.heathrowairport.com/about-us/, 2014) You have been recruited as a advisor to provide some contributions to the members of the Airports Commission, who have been tasked to publish a detailed report with recommendations that will help the Heathrow authorities in finding the best way forward on the 3rd runway plans to increase the airport capacity at Heathrow. Your conversation skills, to a lower placestanding of information needs and companionship management will be crucial for you to be effective in this role. Note This scenario is for Task 1 and Task 2 that cover Learning Outcomes LO1 and LO2.Dr Knowledge MpofuSeptember 2014 SemesterAssignment TasksTask 1 Assessing information and experience needsBased on Scenario for Task 1 and Task 2, you are expected to AC1.1 Discussthe range of decisions to be taken by the Heathrow Authorities and ManagementGuidelines Your answer should discuss the various possible decisions that keep be taken by the Heathr ow authorities in dealing with the issue highlighted in the scenario. AC1.2 Examine the information and fellowship needed to escort effective decision taking based on the scenarioGuidelines In your answer to this question, you need to think about, and give examples of, the different types of information and knowledge needed by Heathrow authorities in entrap to ensure effective decision making in this case. The examples of types of information and knowledge you can give whitethorn be of different forms that include qualitative (descriptive information), quantitative (statistical data), official and unofficial information, policy and opinion, tacit and denotative knowledge.AC1.3 Assess interior and external sources of information and run intoing based on the scenarioGuidelines Your answer should clearly pick out the key sources of information that can help Heathrow authorities. These sources might include internal and external stakeholders of the company, formal and cosy sourc es, team workers and customers. It will be useful to give examples in your answer.Task 2 Stakeholders, Personal networking and Decision-making surgical process Based on Scenario for Task 1 and Task 2, you are expected to AC2.1 Identify both internal and external key stakeholders of Heathrow airport who should be multiform in the decision-making process in the issue highlighted in the scenario.AC2.2 apologize how Heathrow authorities can make contact with their internal and external stakeholders, and develop business relationships.AC2.3 Explain how Heathrow authorities can involve the set stakeholders in the decision-making process, as attach.Guidelines Your answer should explain the possible ways through whichHeathrow authorities can connect, interact or share some ideas with some of the identified stakeholders of the brass section in order to develop business relationships with them. In addition, explain how these identified stakeholders can be involved in the decision-making process with a view to finding the best way forward on the 3rd runway plans to increase the airport capacity at Heathrow.AC2.4 In your role as a consultant in this case, design strategies for improving personal networking and involvement of stakeholders in the decision-making process based on the scenario and, (AC1.4) unfreeze your recommendations for betterment. Guidelines Your answer should mention and describe possible ways (strategies) which you could use to improve your personal networking or connections with the identified stakeholders and involve them in discussions and decision-making processes based on the scenario. Any relevant approaches, illustrations or diagrams can be used in designing the strategies for improving networking and stakeholder participation in decision-making process (AC2.4), and your recommendations for improvement should be clearly reassert to meet the assessment criteria AC1.4 as well.In this task, you will need to select and analyse the communicati on processes in an organisation which you are familiar with. In your selection of the organisation, make sure you will have access to both internal and external communication processes used by that organisation.Other students and lecturers will be fire to learn about the communication processes from your selected organisation. You are aware that you will need to find effective ways of communicating this to your colleagues and lecturers. In particular, you recognise that effective communication helps to improve relationships at work and other cordial situations by deepening your connections to stakeholders and improving teamwork, decision-making and problem solving for the success of an organisation.Based on Scenario for Task 3, you are expected toAC3.1 Report on existing processes of communication that you have researched and observed in your selected organisation(i) surrounded by management and employees(ii) between the organisation and its customersGuidelines Your answer should clearly show evidence of some research carried out to identify the different information engineering science (IT) systems used within the organisation for communication purposes. The answer should as well as show how people within the organisation meet or make up platforms for sharing ideas and decision-making. These opportunities for meetings could be integrated and coordinated, planned, face-to-face, formal and informal.AC3.2 Design ways to improve the appropriateness of the communication processes (that you have identified in AC3.1 above).Guidelines In designing the ways to improve the appropriateness of the communication processes, your answer may include some relevant illustrations or diagrams and specifying the IT systems involved in the process.AC3.3 Explain how the improvements to the ways and IT systems (that you have suggested above in AC3.2) can be implemented to ensure greater integration of systems of communication in the organisation.AC3.4 Based on Scenario for Tas k 3, create a personal plan to improve your own communication skills. A self-reflective summary is also be needed in this part of the task.Use the following guidelines to help you in preparing and creating an effective personal communication development plan(i) Identify five communication skills relevant to your role These could be classified under verbal, non-verbal and written communication skills.(ii) Identify three strengths in your communication skills, and describe how each strength will enable you to be more effective or achieve in your role.(iii) Identify three weaknesses in your communication skills and describe how each weakness can be improved.(iv) Create your own Action project using a SMART Objective technique Guidelines Your Action plan should include the followinga. At least three SMART objectives that can be followed to improve your own personal communication skillsb. limited actions that can be taken to address each objectivec. Possible barriers for each objective , and how you think the challenges can be addressedd. Resources and/or support required to achieve each objectivee. Time dental plate When you expect each objective to be achieved? (v) Produce a Self-Reflective SummaryGuidelines Finally, you are required to produce a Self-reflective summary on how you think the production of your Personal Communication Development formulate has helped you to understand your communication skills, and how to improve them. Your self-reflective summary may also includeInformation on how useful you prove the techniques applied in this task (e.g Skills Audit table, SWOT analysis and Action plan based on SMART objectives).How helpful do you think the process of developing your Personal Communication Development Plan has been, and how this may be useful for you in the future. Task 3 covers assessment criteria AC3.1, AC3.2, AC3.3 and AC3.4 under LO3Task 4 Improving Access to Systems of Information andKnowledgeScenario for Task 4You are an Information Syst ems development specializer working for a Knowledge Management company in London. You have been hired by a University in London to produce information systems that could be used by registry and both students and lecturers in supporting their dogma and learning. In this role, you will produce technology systems which will specifically help the University to improve collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge, and assist in improving access to these resources for the benefit of the stakeholders of the university. Based on the Scenario for Task 4, you are expected toAC4.1 Report on existing approaches to the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge to support the teaching and learning at the University.Guidelines Your answer should identify and explain how different information technology systems (IT) and other approaches which are used by the University particularly for collection, formatting, storage and disse mination of information and knowledge ready(prenominal) to support their teaching and learning process. In your answer, you may also think about approaches that help to ensure the knowledge and information available within the University to their students is consistent, reliable, current, valid, legal and kept safely and confidential.AC4.2 Carry out appropriate changes to improve the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge involving the teaching and learning at the University.Guidelines Your answer should suggest possible changes that can be done toimprove the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge at the University. You may think about better ways to handle knowledge and information, including how these could be displayed and disseminated to students, lecturers and other stakeholders within and outside the University while ensuring that the information is consistent, reliable, current, valid, legal and kept safely and confidential. AC4.3 Suggest one possible way (strategy) which you think can be used more effectively to improve access to information and knowledge for students, lecturers, management, employees and other stakeholders within and outside the University. Your answer should highlight some possible benefits of creating a way which can be used to increase access to information and knowledge that help in supporting the teaching and learning at the University.

Arguemenitive and analytic style essay proving Aristotle's theory

Arguemenitive and analytic style proving Aristotles theory regarding the torso and brain - Essay ExampleFrom these studies I enkindle well analyze that there are assumptions that these theorists have undertaken while determining the concept of the trunk and the soul. For example, the theorists who had earlier declared that the body and the soul are non dependent on each another(prenominal) might not have realized the inner connections between them while concluding their reflections.According to Aristotle, the soul is the basis for the structure of the human body. Thus any gap between the soul and the body was not accepted as part of his theory. Other views in regard to affecting the growth and development of the body without the soul were irreconcilable in their own respects. (Bos, 6-9). I second to Aristotles understandings as his studies clearly designate an association of the body and the soul. Here it would be appropriate to mention that a body without its inner responses and features would not reflect any behavior or nature for its re exemplifyation to the world. Thus its connection and dependency on the soul makes precise sense to the active presentation of its emotions and feelings which in turn is utilized by the soul as well.There are other views to the concerned topic as well. Theories as presented by Plato were ground on dualism that ignored the existence of the soul and determined that the human body had no dependence on the soul. Thus according to Plato, the soul was immortal a view that was completely against the view of Aristotle (Pelosi, 3-4). I can analyze at this point that theorists like Plato might have made assumptions based on the outdoor(a) features of a human body and did not consider the inner associations without which a body does not present life. This, to me, reflects the need for further research and analyze that has been successfully assessed and presented by Aristotle.Aristotle focused on fundamental facts of biology, an d incorporated his thoughts of philosophy, as well as analyzed his predecessors and concluded on