Ernest Hemingway, World War I, and Agnes von Kurowsky :: Biography Biographies Essays

Hemingway, World War I, and Agnes von KurowskyHemingways World War I experiences were the source of much of the apologue that later surrounded him. Brave and masculine, he was the writer who existently got out there and experienced everything. Wounded in the trenches, decorated for his valour, he then threw himself into a state of wartime romance with the nurse who was responsible for carry him back to health, his first love, who later jilted him for an older, aristocratic, man. This report will examine the background to these myths and assess their veracity. It was non wide after the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 that 17 year-old Hemingway, not yet finished high school, first expressed an interest in seeing some action. However his father, subtle for him to follow his sister to college, settled for a compromise that saw his brother fix young Ernest up with a job in the Kansas metropolis Star. That November, he told his family that he could not possibly wait more than another year before enlisting, saying it will be hard enough to stay out until then. Biographer Kenneth S. Lynn argues that for the young Hemingway, the war was like a championship football game, a huge event not to be missed.1 Hemingways letters of that winter arrest references to him attempting to join the army but being refused because of a bad eye. Nobody has been able to find any proof that such a claim is true. Lynn points to the presumable falsity of the claim by mentioning the fact that Harry Truman, who was helpless without his glasses, got past the same army doctors in Kansas City that Hemingway would have had to deal with, and suggests that the prospect of squalidness and danger in the trenches did not accord with Hemingways vision of the great event of his time. At the same time, his reading of Hugh Walpoles The contraband Forest the previous year make him aware of another, heroic, and far less dangerous way of seeing the war - the Red crucify.Ernest and his friend Ted Brumback volunteered for the Red Cross in early January and in April they were designate as second lieutenants in an ambulance unit in Italy. They were issued a regular US Army officers uniform with large insignia, and Ernest made the most of the fact that real army privates and non-commissioned officers had to salute him, in one instance counting 367 salutes as he walked up and voltaic pile Broadway.Ernest Hemingway, World War I, and Agnes von Kurowsky Biography Biographies EssaysHemingway, World War I, and Agnes von KurowskyHemingways World War I experiences were the source of much of the legend that later surrounded him. Brave and masculine, he was the writer who really got out there and experienced everything. Wounded in the trenches, decorated for his valour, he then threw himself into a wartime romance with the nurse who was responsible for bringing him back to health, his first love, who later jilted him for an older, aristocratic, man. This report w ill examine the background to these myths and assess their veracity. It was not long after the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 that 17 year-old Hemingway, not yet finished high school, first expressed an interest in seeing some action. However his father, keen for him to follow his sister to college, settled for a compromise that saw his brother fix young Ernest up with a job in the Kansas City Star. That November, he told his family that he could not possibly wait more than another year before enlisting, saying it will be hard enough to stay out until then. Biographer Kenneth S. Lynn argues that for the young Hemingway, the war was like a championship football game, a huge event not to be missed.1 Hemingways letters of that winter contain references to him attempting to join the army but being refused because of a bad eye. Nobody has been able to find any evidence that such a claim is true. Lynn points to the likely falsity of the claim by mentioning the fact th at Harry Truman, who was helpless without his glasses, got past the same army doctors in Kansas City that Hemingway would have had to deal with, and suggests that the prospect of squalor and danger in the trenches did not accord with Hemingways vision of the great event of his time. At the same time, his reading of Hugh Walpoles The Dark Forest the previous year made him aware of another, heroic, and far less dangerous way of seeing the war - the Red Cross.Ernest and his friend Ted Brumback volunteered for the Red Cross in early January and in April they were assigned as second lieutenants in an ambulance unit in Italy. They were issued a regular US Army officers uniform with full insignia, and Ernest made the most of the fact that real army privates and non-commissioned officers had to salute him, in one instance counting 367 salutes as he walked up and down Broadway.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Essay -- Jekyll Hyde

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis StevensonThis novella, although unapparent, is intertwined with manyallegorical undertones. Stevenson uses the book to criticise Victoriansociety and its hypocritical existence. The most significant thematicconcern of the novella is the continually revisited theme of theduality of man and the camouflaged evil that lies deep within thehuman race.Stevenson was writing before the period in which the greatpsychologist Sigmund Freud was researching the human mind, so in whateverways Stevenson was ahead of his time in resolving the mystery of themind. Stevensons novella, after being added to by his wife on thebooks revision, contained much evidence of these theories of thehuman psyche.Armed with this weapon, Stevenson used the novella to attack thehypocritical ways of the Victorian society he lived in. The themeplays on the mind of a part of the unconscious, the id. The id isthe Hyde part of a human, which is of course repressed, undevelopedand pri mitive, with the taste for hunting and sex. Then on the otherhand is the superego, your conscience and morality, with thefloater amidst the two, the ego. Jekyll stresses that, man isnot truly one, but truly two.This all links to the theme of hypocrisy in Victorian society. Jekylladmits, ...and it was as a secret sinner that I at last fell beforethe assaults of temptation. Stevenson tries to reveal the doublelives that were being lived around this era. Some critics believe thatthis is a self-confession of Stevensons sinful past. Jekyll is theperfect mission of hypocrisy, as he is described as thespotless Jekyll yet continuously lying to Utterson and one couldargue, soci... ...en to partake in his, scientific balderdash.One more symbol is apparent. The key to the laboratory is a symbol ofpower and authority and in this case, the key holds satanic power,therefore Hyde is the one who has the power to change tooshie intoJekyll. When Utterson and Poole search for the key and fail to findit, they cannot overcome evil. This also means that they do not haveaccess to evil, as they are sinless in the story.It is clear that Jekyll started with selfish intentions when hestrived for a better self, this is why the experiment only strippedJekyll of the Jekyll veneer, leaving the Hyde interior. And thatJekyll is in fact a host for the unvarying bombardment of metaphors,especially with hypocrisy as Jekyll represents hypocrisy and theVictorian society itself.In Hyde, you have no Jekyll but in Jekyll, you always have some Hyde

Alfred Nobel Essay example -- essays research papers

Alfred NobelBorn in Stockholm in 1833 of Swedish p atomic number 18nts, Alfred Nobel moved with his familyto St. Petersburg, then the slap-up of Russia, at the age of nine. There hisenergetic and inventive father soon acquired a strong and respected position asan inventor and industrialist. Nobel subsequently lived in several countries andultimately came to regard himself as a citizen of the world. Even so, he nevergave up his Swedish citizenship.By virtue of the education he receive in many countries, Nobel read, spoke andwrote fluently in five European languages Swedish, Russian, English, French andGerman. His numerous handwritten letters demonstrate his remarkable proficiencyin all of them. He perfected his French when sent to Paris by his father in hislate teens to study chemistry. His letters in French are particularly elegant.Those in English approximatelytimes bear traces of the early nineteenth-century stylegenerally associated with Byron and Shelley (his two favourite po ets) and areremarkably free of grammatical and idiomatic errors. To his mother he alwayswrote in Swedish, which is also the language of the will he composed in Paris.The fields embraced by the prizes stipulated by the will gleam Nobels private interests. While he provided no prizes for architects, artists,composers or social scientists, he was generous to those working in physics,chemistry, physiology and medicinethe subjects he knew best himself, and inwhich he expected the grea mental test advances.Throughout his life he suffered from poor health and often took cures atwatering places, less to drink the water than to rest. But he expected greatimprovements in medicine, and the profession has since realized many of them.Once he employed a young Swedish physiologist in Paris to test his own theorieson blood transfusions. Although these efforts were not successful, problemsrelated to transfusions were later solved by an Austrian, Karl Landsteiner, whowon the 1930 Nobel Prize in Phys iology or Medicine.The Nobel Prize in Literature, too, reflects the donors personal predilections.From his early youth he had been a writer as well as an avid reader, but helater destroyed many of his insipid poems written in Swedish. He did, however,save a long autobiographical poem in English and occasionally gave copies of itto intimate friends. He was always an all-devouring(prenominal) reader of bo... ...ctiveprize-awarding bodies. After the merits of the candidates have been discussed,the bodies announce their final decisions in mid-October. All proceedings of theprize-awarding bodies are secret.The presentation ceremonies The Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiologyor Medicine, Literature and the Prize in Economic Sciences are presented to thelaureates by H.M. the King at a ceremony generally held in the Stockholm ConcertHall on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobels death in 1896 at Sanremo,Italy. The Peace Prize presentation takes place on the same day at t he Oslo CityHall. Each laureate receives a Nobel Gold Medal and a Nobel Diploma. The prizemoney, which varies according to the net income of the fund capital, istransferred after December 10 according to the laureates wishes. In 1995, thevalue of the Nobel Prizes was some SEK 7.2 million per prize.The awards are widely recognized as the worlds highest civic honors. Besidesspurring recipients and possible candidates to new efforts, they have served tomake scientific and literary achievements, as well as humanitarian contributions,much more widely known than would otherwise have been the case.

The American Dream in The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby

The the Statesn dream is sought after and imagined by everyone who comes to America. It is the main reason that people come to America they come for freedom as well as to one day attain the idea of a perfect American dream. It theoretic wholey symbolizes what you have complete(a) in flavor and what you wish to one day have. In my personal opinion if any person wants come to America to live a life of happiness, be released of religious persecution and the freedom to say what you feel, then it can be accomplished. This is the first thing you get as soon as you become an American. That for me is considered a dream for the persecuted. Now beyond this lies desire, which is what society thrives from because it is what our economy is based off of. It is said that you only need food, shelter, and clothing. Dreaming is what America is all ab out(p) the stunning houses, the wealth, the power to control things at your fingertips. Anything you can dream of you can obtain. Although, obtaining a wealthy dream can be a life of hard charm and p all overtydepending on what you want it will eventually pay off to finally accomplish what is desired.My own house was an eye-sore, but it was a small eye-sore and it had been over look, so I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbors lawn and the consoling proximity of millionairesall for eighty dollars a month. (10) The gigantic GatsbyEssentially, the dream is in my view a state of mind in which you feel comfortable and content in. It is a reassurance that you have begun and finished what you set out to offer to yourself. I do not base my dream upon materialistic items such as a big house or cars or all thewealth I can imagine. Rather I want set out to fall in love, have a family and teach my children and support them. No matter at what cost this would be. I would really like to home school and teach them but I cannot deprive them of friends, fun, and experiences that I had and will have. I want to support them in wh atever they are interested in, whether it be science, art, engineering, anything that makes them as happy as I am with my dream. Finding a charwoman that I can put up with and her I will be one of the harder things to obtain.

Galileo Galilei :: essays research papers

Galileo GalileiGalileo was probably the greatest astronomer, mathematician and scientist of his time. In fact his work has been very substantial in many scientific advances even to this day.Galileo was natural in Pisa, Italy on February 15th, 1564. His father, Vincenzo was a music teacher and musician. After his family moved to Florence, Galilei was sent to a monastery to be educated. He was so happy there that he decided to become a monk, but his father wanted him to be a medical doctor and brought him home to Florence. He was never really concerned in medicine and studied mathematics at the University of Pisa. He was especially interested in famous mathematicians like Euclid (geometry) and Archimedes. In fact in 1586 he wrote his first book about one of Archimedes theories. He eventually became head of mathematics at the University of Pisa where he first wrote about a very important idea that he developed. It was about using experiments to test theories. He wrote about falling b odies in motion using inclined planes to test his theories.Bader 2.When his father died in 1591 Galileo had to support his family. He looked for a job that paid more, and became professor of mathematics at the University of Padua where he stayed for eighteen years. He became very interested in astronomy at that time partly because of the discovery of a new star in 1604. (This turned out to be an exploding sun called a supernova). During these years he did more work on his theories of falling bodies, inclined planes and how projectiles travel. This work is still used today, for example in ballistics where computers can predict the path of a shell based on Galileos work.In 1609 the telescope was invented and Galileo began making his own lenses for better telescopes and then started looking at the sky. In December and January (1609-1610) it is tell that he made more discoveries that changed the world that anyone has made before or since. He wrote a book called the Starry Messenger, an d said that there were mountains on the moon, the Milky Way was made up of many stars, and there were small bodies in orbit about Jupiter. He used his mathematical skills to calculate the motions of these bodies around Jupiter. In 1610 he started looking at Saturn and discovered the rings, and the phases of Saturn (just like our moons phases).

Galileo Galilei :: essays research papers

Galileo GalileiGalileo was probably the greatest astronomer, mathematician and scientist of his time. In fact his work has been very important in umpteen scientific advances even to this day.Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15th, 1564. His father, Vincenzo was a music teacher and musician. After his family moved to Florence, Galilei was sent to a monastery to be educated. He was so happy there that he decided to become a monk, but his father wanted him to be a medical doctor and brought him home to Florence. He was never really interested in medicine and studied mathematics at the University of Pisa. He was especially interested in famous mathematicians like Euclid (geometry) and Archimedes. In fact in 1586 he wrote his first book about(predicate) one of Archimedes theories. He eventually became head of mathematics at the University of Pisa where he first wrote about a very important idea that he developed. It was about using experiments to test theories. He wrote abou t falling bodies in motion using wedded planes to test his theories.Bader 2.When his father died in 1591 Galileo had to support his family. He looked for a job that paid more, and became professor of mathematics at the University of Padua where he stayed for eighteen years. He became very interested in astronomy at that time partly because of the discovery of a new star in 1604. (This turned out to be an exploding temperateness called a supernova). During these years he did more work on his theories of falling bodies, inclined planes and how projectiles travel. This work is still use today, for example in ballistics where computers brook predict the path of a shell based on Galileos work.In 1609 the telescope was invented and Galileo began making his own lenses for better telescopes and then started looking at the sky. In December and January (1609-1610) it is said that he made more discoveries that changed the world that anyone has made before or since. He wrote a book called th e Starry courier, and said that there were mountains on the moon, the Milky Way was made up of many stars, and there were small bodies in orbit around Jupiter. He used his mathematical skills to calculate the motions of these bodies around Jupiter. In 1610 he started looking at Saturn and discovered the rings, and the phases of Saturn (just like our moons phases).

How Would You Describe Yourself

How Would You DescribeYourself? I am punctual, dependable and can be counted upon to finish what I start. I get a great atomic reactor of satisfaction from knowing that I have done something come up and on time. For example, at my present job, I was given different work orders every day. It was my office to finish the orders and make sure they all met quality and safety standards within a specific deadline. On occasion, I had to familiarize myself with the product and the production process.I was eer able to learn quickly and carry out my job responsibilities. Our company was known for making excellent processed food products. In 1990, it received an select for being on off Canadas top companies in the field. I feel I can use the same skills and hard work to do puff up on this job too. I enjoy solving problems, troubleshooting issues, and coming up with solutions in a timely manner. Im a imaginative thinker. I like to seek alternative solutions to problems and have an open min d about what will work best. honest driven esponsible social dedicated intelligent patient reliable accessible achiever Positive organized energetic ambitious bold Why Did You Leave Your Last Job? . . . WhereDo You See Yourself 5 Yearsfrom directly? Once I gain additional experience, I would like to move on from a technical position to management. I see myself as a top performing employee in a well-established organization, like this one. I plan on enhancing my skills and continuing my involvement in (related) professional associations.How Do You Feel about Working on aTeam? I enjoy working in a team environment, and I get along well with people. In my past work experience I prefer teamwork. Different team members contribute different perspectives and the synergy between team members can produce creative and productive results. Have you ever had difficulty with a supervisory program how did you resolve the conflict? Describe the best job youve ever had Describe the best supervi sor youve ever hadHow Would You Describe YourselfHow Would You DescribeYourself? I am punctual, dependable and can be counted upon to finish what I start. I get a great down of satisfaction from knowing that I have done something well and on time. For example, at my present job, I was given different work orders every day. It was my duty to finish the orders and make sure they all met quality and safety standards within a specific deadline. On occasion, I had to familiarize myself with the product and the production process.I was perpetually able to learn quickly and carry out my job responsibilities. Our company was known for making excellent processed food products. In 1990, it received an pillage for being on off Canadas top companies in the field. I feel I can use the same skills and hard work to do well on this job too. I enjoy solving problems, troubleshooting issues, and coming up with solutions in a timely manner. Im a creative thinker. I like to explore alternative solu tions to problems and have an open mind about what will work best. honest driven esponsible social dedicated intelligent patient reliable palsy-walsy achiever Positive organized energetic ambitious bold Why Did You Leave Your Last Job? . . . WhereDo You See Yourself 5 Yearsfrom direct? Once I gain additional experience, I would like to move on from a technical position to management. I see myself as a top performing employee in a well-established organization, like this one. I plan on enhancing my skills and continuing my involvement in (related) professional associations.How Do You Feel round Working on aTeam? I enjoy working in a team environment, and I get along well with people. In my past work experience I prefer teamwork. Different team members contribute different perspectives and the synergy between team members can produce creative and productive results. Have you ever had difficulty with a supervisor how did you resolve the conflict? Describe the best job youve ever had Describe the best supervisor youve ever had

Marketing Mix †4Ps of Marketing Mix Essay

Marketing mix can be describes as the use and specification of the 4 Ps describing the strategic position of a harvesting in the marketplace A prominent person to take centre stage was E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960 he proposed a four-P classification which was popularized. (wikipedia.com) The marketing mix approach to marketing is a model of creating and implementing market strategies. The marketing mix stresses the mixing of different movers in a way that both organizational and consumer or target markets objectives be attained. The 4 Ps of marketing are Product, Place, Promotion and impairment. Each plays a key factor in the overall successful marketing of a product or armed service.ProductAlthough this typically refers to a physical product, it has been expanded to complicate services inviteed by a service organization. The specification of the product is superstar of the variables that a marketer has at his/her control. For example, the product can include genuine colors (o r not), certain scents (or not), certain features (or not). Lastly, in the broadest sense when a consumer purchases a product it also includes the post-sales relationship with the order. The post-sales relationship can include customer service and any warranty. The product or service is an important part of the whole marketing process, after all, something that is completely useless to anyone is usually unsuccessful regardless of how great the place, promotion or impairment is. Sometimes companies dont come come out of the closet with all naked products they just try to tailor current products to better suit people. Convenience is one of the major factors in coming up with a better version of a current product.PriceThe price is the amount paid for a product. In some cases, especially in business-to-business marketing this can also include the total cost of ownership (TCO). Total cost of ownership may include costs such as installation and other products required to deliver a co mplete functional solution. It is important to remain competitive when it comes to pricing. If the product is new and different customers will be willing to pay more, but if the same product is being offered, one should really consider keeping the price at or below the value of its competitors. This will give the product an even chance of being purchased, as it wouldnt fall outside ofthe average reckon for that type of product.PromotionPromotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may insert into the marketplace. This can include TV, radio, and print advertising, as well as coupons, direct mail, billboards, and online advertising. One of the less well-defined areas in promotion is the role of a human sales force. Are the messages the sales person provides to a consumer a component of the promotional mix, or is it part of the product? On the other hand, consumers may rather purchase the product only when sold through the concord of a known salesperson.Often times w e think of marketing as just the promotion or sales part, but the other 3 factors are often times just as important, if not more important.Promotion is the advertising of the actual product or service. One must consider who the hearing is and what the best way is to target them. This could include television advertisements, radio advertisements, mailing and so on. There is no one best way to advertise, it really depends on the product and its audience. This is a very important aspect of marketing, and often times a good or bad promotional campaign can conciliate or break a product or service.PlacePlace represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the dispersion channel. It can include any physical stack away as well as virtual stores on the Internet. Place is also an important part of marketing. The product or service needs to be accessible to customers, especially its target market. Often times there are no need for an actual store locati on, as many very successful companies offer just online services or products. In these instances, products or services are much more well-provided and cheaper to the customer because of the lower overhead costs.One very successful company that I thought of that had the 4 Ps of marketing down packed was Netflix. The company almost singlehandedly brought its competitors to their knees. These companies, including Blockbuster video possess since recovered and began offering a similar service, but Netflix had it all planned out and rolled out so efficiently that it really caught everyone by surprise.ProductNetflix is a little tricky when it comes to the product. Their product isnt a product at all, but a service that it provides for its customers. It offers the service of movie rentals, but in a more convenient way than the traditional movie rental stores such as Blockbuster or Hollywood Videos. I know personally that I didnt always have time to return a movie on the day it was due bac k, which was usually only 2 days after renting it, so I paid a lot of late fees. These late fees often times added up to almost as much as actually just purchasing a movie, which steered me away from even renting movies in the first place. Around 1999 Netflix came up with an online movie subscription with no late fees. This gave people the convenience of receiving the movies they wanted to see right in their mailbox. No more having to go searching through the islet for a movie that was already rented out.PlaceNetflix doesnt offer a place where a customer can come pickup their order, instead everything gets conveniently shipped to each(prenominal) customer via United States Postal Service. This makes it convenient for just about anyone to use because there doesnt have to be a local store or shipping location around. Customers are able to place orders right online, which is a convenient and private way to pick the DVDs that they desire to view.PromotionThe promotion of Netflix was pr imarily through through television advertisements. They targeted television watchers, who for the most part also watch movies. Their catchy marketing claimed No Due Dates and No late Fees, which was very challenge to consumers who were tired of paying late fees with their current movie rental stores. It also offered the convenience of No shipping or handling charges, which made it just as competitive as the other places.PriceThe prices that Netflix charges its customers are very competitive to the current market of DVD rentals. They have different options to suit different needs. According to their website, they have a plan starting as low as only $4.99 per month. This plan allows viewing of up to 5 movies. For customers who want to watch more movies per month, they offer other plansalso, such as the $17.99 a month plan that allows 3 movies to be out at a time. Once one movie is returned, other is sent out in its place. These different plans offer a wide variety of choices to fit different budgets.Its clear to see how the marketing mix and the 4 Ps of marketing have a large impact on marketing. As we can see, Netflix was a very carefully planned out project. Product, Place, Price and Promotion were all identified and have played a great part in its success. When a company has a well planned out marketing plan, which consists of the 4 Ps, as Netflix does, it leads to greater success in the long run.Referenceswww.wikipedia.comwww.netflix.com

Macroeconomics Policy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria

macroeconomicS POLICY AND sustainable nurture IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION In normal economic condition, macroeconomic insurance drivessustainable development of anation. The two main branches of macroeconomics policies ar al-Qaidad on fiscal and fiscal economics. Central Bank, the nationalapex bank controls the fiscal indemnity while the Ministry of Financeplays major component part in national fiscal polity. However, most economists concur that, synergy hold outs amidst micro-and macro-economics variables and two constitution agents of politics the CBN and Ministry of Finance determine the success or the horizontal surface of sustainability of macroeconomic development.In support of theimportance of interchange bank in macroeconomic policy, Ampong(2005) posits that non-artificial central bank independency has beena source of great success for the management and stabilisation of macroeconomic variables in countries like Norway, Sweden, Israel, Iceland, Denmark, New Zealan d, United Kingdom, etc. In essence, in that respect is theory gap among economists onthe level of central banks independence, especially in developing parsimoniousness such as Nigeria where there have been everlasting agitating for curtailing of the CBNs autonomy. Nigeria economy has passed m whatever phases since the introduction of wipe out by Babangida substantiatement in 1986.The Abacha Government came up with Vision 2010, the Obasanjo with NEEDS, the Yardua with Nigeria Vision 202020 and retainly, the Jonathans Transformation Agenda. From 1986, Nigeria had total of four CBN Governors plus the incumbent, MallamSanusiLamidoSanusi. CBN Bulletin (2011) enume assessd policy centres of SAP with major nonsubjectives to remove the controls of worry reckons, enhance the institutional structure and supervision. roughly importantly, to strengthen the funds and capital markets through policy changes and distress resolution measuresand to mend the gene linkages between formal and informal pecuniary celestial spheres.The removal of the control of engross rate through pretension targeting is somewhat the main focus of SAP. The concernsof the financial operators, the authentic sectors managers, the economists, and the policy analysts atomic number 18 the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy instruments of the CBN and the Ministry of Finance. Then, the impact in gross domestic product growth rate,the stability of macroeconomic variables and the economic growth policy sustainability. In essence, citizens want to see how growth in gross domestic product results to increase in employment, equal distribution of wealth, enabling business nvironment, and improvements in Human Development Index(HDI). case Bureau of Statistics, NBS (2013) information presents positive outlook of the annual macroeconomic variables in Nigeria as reported by CBN. From 1980 to 2012, the data depicts constant increase in GDP Growth Rate,stable money supply, controlled inflation Rate, favourable occupy Rate, etc. The pecuniary insurance policy Committee(MPC) has maintained fire rate at double digits since 2009. Many economists and policy analysts question the integrity of NBS macroeconomic data and the CBN reports on the state of the economy.Ojomaikre(2012) questions the rule of a statement he accredited to Nigerias Finance Minister,NgoziOkonjo-Iweala that Nigeria is one of the double-quick growing economies in the world. Ojomaikre argues that Nigeria is not growing but broke. He asserts that government survey found out that, unemployment had increased across the country and was higher in rural than in urban beas. Similarly,he argues that the absolute poverty level had leapt from 54 per cent in 2006 to 70 per cent in 2010. The contradictions and argumentsregarding the growth of Nigeria economy and sustainability persist in unabated.Obafemi(2013) supports some policies already implemented by the CBN in the last few years. He, however,questions the ef fectiveness of these policies in achieving the desired results and their sustainability. Sustainability in his opinion is about policy reversals when the present CBN Governor leaves office. Hoover(1988), posits that policy ineffectiveness theorem of New absolute school finish be utilize to describe the current economic quagmire in Nigeria. PROBLEMS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Nigerias financial sector witnessed seemly tremendous innovations preceding the SAPin 1986.Objectives of SAP are to try a liberalised and level playing field for the emergency of effective and economical institutions that would serve as an engine of economic growth. As part of the reforms, CBN liberated the run licenses of commercial banks. Their number rose from 40 in 1986 to 120 banks in 1992. The reforms led to the emergences of different financial institution such as discount houses and bureaux de changes which were non-existence former to 1986. Importantly, CBN da ta (2012)depicts the increases in the capital base of banks since the introduction of reforms.The capital base of all bank and financial institutions was raised in 1998, from 10 million to euchre million. Presently, after recapitalization in 2005, the capital base rose to 25 trillion Naira. However, the major negative economic effects of reform were excess liquidity, unstable transform rate, high inflation and volatile interest rates. According to IndexMundi publication on Nigeria economy, inflation increased from 6. 26% in 1986 to about 49% in 1989, and reached the skin rash of 72% in 1995, depicting the highest rates recorded in Nigeria economy since 1986.CBN statistical data depicts macroeconomic indicators of money supply, inflation, and interest rates from 1986 when SAP was introduced. notes supply increased from about 24 trillion Naira in 1986 to 370 Billion Naira in 1996, and by 2006 money supply rose to four trillion Naira. The native volatility of inflation data within these periods demonstrate the instability of Nigerian economy which monetarists refer as monetary policy trap. On interest rates, CBN data shows that interest rate which was 12% in 1986 jumped to 24% as of 1989.Since fresh 1990s to 2004, interest rates in Nigeria have remained above 20% and so far reached 30% in 2002. What is the cause of interest rate variability and what is the determinant of interest rate in economy? Blanchard(2003) examines domestic factors such as inflation, money supply, GDP growth rate and throw rates as mainstay factors. Factors that distinguish developed and developing countries in interest rate regime are efficiency of macroeconomic policy, its operation and instruction execution strategy. Some weaknesses associated with developing economies are weak institutional and weak legal frameworks.In developing economy, there is always the line of work of high interest rate spread because of excess risk taken by commercial banks. Excessive risk has potent ial to stall economic activities and GDP growth. In the case of Nigeria, combined with these characteristics of developing countries, has also problem of general corruption which tends to reduce the efficiency of macroeconomic policy QUESTIONS OF MACROECONOMICS POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA This workplace allow seek to provide the answer to the following questions. . What are the institutional frameworks for implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria? b. What macroeconomic variables are the determinants of interest rate? c. What is the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic variables? d. What are the challenges of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigerian? e. What policy recommendations and implementation strategies are required for macroeconomic policy and sustainabledevelopment in Nigeria? AIM, OBJECTIVE, SCOPE, AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDYThe aim of this study is to identify and examine the two essential elements of mac roeconomics the fiscalandmonetary policy. Different macroeconomics variables go out also be surveyed and their impact on sustainable development in Nigeria. The broad objective of this study leave alone beto assess the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. The specific objectives are a. To examine the institutional frameworks and implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria. b. To identify the macroeconomic variablesthat are the determinants of interest rate in Nigeria c.To determine the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic variables. d. To evaluate the challenges of the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. e. To recommend and proffer implementation strategies for effective macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria? The scope covers the play of assessing the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria from 1980 to 2012. This involves the evaluation of institutional framework and monetary policy of CBN.The following variables result be break downd interest rate, real interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, risk premium, to determine their kinships with GDP growth rate and sustainable development in Nigeria. The limitations entrust be encountered as the study progresses. at that place might be some difficulties in assessing some documents from CBN and to compare CBN data with that military man Bank and IMF. Theseproblems can be solved through the availability of authentic secondary data in the internet.THE SIGNIFICANCE, POLICY RELEVANCE, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THIS STUDY major(ip) concern of policy makers and monetary authorities regarding macroeconomic variables are not about the existence of these variables themselves but their sizes, which fluctuate in response to volatility of otherwise variables. The result of this study go out add to the theory of interest rate and existing body of comeledge in macroeconomic policy by assisting the CB N to make effective monetary policy that can drive sustainable development in Nigeria.The policy-maker will be well-informed to make appropriate macroeconomic policy. expert language of macroeconomics will be simplified for the benefits of individuals in their financial transactions. The noesis of financial operators and their entrepreneur acumen will beenriched with the introduction of risk premium as a macroeconomic analysing tool. Proper Information is necessary to create Macroeconomic awareness. This research will survey different theories of macroeconomics with special focus on macroeconomic policy of CBN.The survey of various definitions of macroeconomic variables will be carried out. The unsullied theory Adam metalworker(1776),author of the Wealth of Nations and his follwers also the Keynesian theory of, Keynes(1936),and the refreshful classical theory of Hoover(1988). These theories have differing views on which institution or policy instruments thatare more effective t han the other. However, Blanchard(2003) will be helpful in definition of interest rate theory which acknowledges how inflation rate, expected inflation rate, money supply, and exchange raterelate to macroeconomic growth and stability.Barro(2008) will compare term structure of interest rate. Ackley(1971)will establish investment theory with emphasis in real interest rates. rattling important in this research is risk premium which will be delimitate with Perloff(2007) theory on federal and capital market bonds. To compare family among monetary economic variables and complementary policy instruments of CBN, Udaba(2002) identifies Open Market Operations(OMO), Nigerian Inter-Bank Rate(NIBOR), relief Requirement(RR), M verbal Suction, Special Deposit, and the activities of Monetary Policy Committee(MPC).There is also the Anyanwu and Oaikhenan(1995) baffle used to probe the macroeconomic policy sustainability in Nigeria. Finally, for this study, Blanchard (2003) model will be used to analyse the institutional frameworks, macroeconomic variables and macroeconomic policies. METHODOLOGY This research work will be analysed through the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. It will apply both the primary and secondary sources of data collection. For estimation procedure, the study will employ Vector Autoregressive Model(VAR) and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity(GARCH).The VAR model was developed by Sims(1980) and will be usedto capture the second objective while GARCH method by (Engle, 1982 Bollerslev, 1986) will be applied to capture third objectives. VAR model is theory-free model because some countries exhibit particular characteristics that sometimes are devoid of any economic theory. The choice of this model was because of its unique feature to bring out high-voltage behaviour of macroeconomic variables. In the model, every variable is seen as endogenic variable that can be explained by its lagged value and lagged valu es of all other variables in the model.The GARCH model is a popular method in financial literatures used as reliable model for volatility. The model takes the form of a univariateAutoregressive (AR) process of variables in question and the variance as a function of square innovations from this AR process. Unit ascendent Test and Co-Integration Test will be conducted to know the stationary position of the macroeconomic variables, their order of integrations, and to identify the number of equations that exist in the model. The Augmented Dickey Fuller(ADF) and Johnasen Method, Gujaranti and Porter(2009)are current statistical method for this research.Primary sources of data will be collected through pre-arranged oral interviews and solicitation for filling of questionnaires to cozy individuals and experts in the field of monetary policy and financial institutions. There are need to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks,interact with policy makers and Nigerians from all walks of l ife. The secondary data will come from CBN Statistical Bulletin, NBS, World Bank and IMF Economic Outlook, economic journals, internet and electronic media.The NIPSS library will facilitate assess to some books and unpublished researchers. A sample size primary data source which will not be less than 50 respondents and willbe random collected from relevant offices and institutions. To conduct oral interviews and serve questionnaires, there are needs to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks, interact with policy makers, Nigerians from all walks of life. The computer application will be E-view 3. 1 or above. This application handles Time- series data more efficiently.DEFINITION OF TERMS/CONCEPTUAL CLASSIFICATIONS verbalise Autoregressive Conditional Heterscedasticity(GARCH) Generalised Autoregressive conditional heterscedasticity used in measuring volatility in macroeconomic Time Series. Limited to more of financial time series. Vector Autoregression(var) Vector Autoregressive, us ed to estimate the lagged value of a variables and its lagged value to other variables. Helps in resoluteness multiple equations problems among macroeconomic variables and to identify bilateral causality between variable e. g. nterest rate effect inflation and inflation effects interest rate. United Root Test A statistical instrument used to test the stationarity (or non-stationarity) of time series variables. United Root Test resulthelps to reject or accept the vapid hypothesis. Co-integration Test If two variables have long term or equilibrium relationship between them, they co-integrated e. g. Fishers quantity theory of money. In its application, the contestation of estimated variables is compare with its critical significance. Policy Ineffectiveness Theorem(PIT)The theorem based on New Classical economics that money is neutrality on money in macroeconomic policies. Conclusions This work is organised into five sections. Section One present the Backgrounds, Problems of Macroeco nomic Policy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria, Research QuestionsAims of Study and Objectives of Study, the Scope of the Study, Limitations, the significance of the Study/Policy Relevance, Theoretical Framework, Hypotheses of the Study and Methodology. Section Three, discusses the historical development of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria.The focus here will be Monetary Policy of Central Bank of Nigeria, with specific study in interest rate determinant. Section Four will present data, content analysis and interpretations. Section five will display the overview of the research work include summary of findings, conclusions, recommendation and implementation strategies. References Ackley, G. (1971), Macroeconomics. UK Macmillian Adam Smith, (1776). MasterpieceAn Inquiry into the character and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Edited by Edwin Cannan. Chicago UniversityofChicagoPress,1976.Availableonlineat http//www. econlib. org/library/Smith/smWN. html, 14/3/2013 Ampomg, K. O. (2005), Inflation Targeting Monetary Policy-the Way Forward,www. ghanaweb. com/ghanahomepage/features/artikel. phd? ID=80363. 12/3/2013 Anyanwu, J. C and H. E. Oaikhenan(1995),Modern MacroeconomicsTheory and Application in Nigeria. OnitshaJoanee Educational Publishers Ltd. Blanchard, O. (2003), Macroeconomics. New jersey prentice Hall. Bollerslev, T. (1986), Generalised Autoregressive Condition Heteroscedasticity. Journal of Econometrics, 31, 307-327.Barro,R. J. (2008), Macroeconomics. New Jersey Prentice Hall. CBN, (2011), Monetary Policy Reform. www. cenbank. org/monetarypolicy reforms. asp. 13/3/2013. Engle, R. F. (1982), Autoregressive Condition Heterscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom. Econometrical, 50, 987-1000. Gujarati, D. N. And Porter, D. C. (2009), staple fibre Econometrics. New York McGraw-Hill Education. Hoover, Kevin D. (1988), The New Classical Macroeconomics A Sceptical Inquiry. Oxford Blackwell IndexMundi, (201 1), Consumer Price, www. indexmudi. om/nigeria/inflation rate%28consumerprice%29. html. 12/3/2013. Keynes, John M. (1935). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London Macmillan. Obafemi,O. Thisday, CBN and financial Policy Implementation. 16 February, 2013. Ojomaikre, A. Guardian, Nigeria is not Growing and Broke(1). 25 June, 2012. Perloff, J. M. (2007), Microeconomics. New York Pearson/Addison Wesley. Sims, A. A. (1980), Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrical, 48, 10. Udaba, S. I. (2002), An entryway to Nigerian Public Finance. EnuguLinco Press.Macroeconomics Policy and Sustainable Development in NigeriaMACROECONOMICS POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION In normal economic condition, macroeconomic policy drivessustainable development of anation. The two main branches of macroeconomics policies are based on monetary and fiscal economics. Central Bank, the nationalapex bank controls the monetary policy while the Ministry of Financeplays m ajor role in national fiscal policy. However, most economists concur that, synergy exists between micro-and macro-economics variables and two policy agents of government the CBN and Ministry of Finance determine the success or the degree of sustainability of macroeconomic development.In support of theimportance of central bank in macroeconomic policy, Ampong(2005) posits that non-artificial central bank independency has beena source of great success for the management and stabilisation of macroeconomic variables in countries like Norway, Sweden, Israel, Iceland, Denmark, New Zealand, United Kingdom, etc. In essence, there is theory gap among economists onthe level of central banks independence, especially in developing economy such as Nigeria where there have been constant agitating for curtailing of the CBNs autonomy. Nigeria economy has passed many phases since the introduction of SAP by Babangida Government in 1986.The Abacha Government came up with Vision 2010, the Obasanjo with NEEDS, the Yardua with Nigeria Vision 202020 and presently, the Jonathans Transformation Agenda. From 1986, Nigeria had total of four CBN Governors plus the incumbent, MallamSanusiLamidoSanusi. CBN Bulletin (2011) enumerated policy contents of SAP with major objectives to remove the controls of interest rates, enhance the institutional structure and supervision. Most importantly, to strengthen the money and capital markets through policy changes and distress resolution measuresand to improve the linkages between formal and informal financial sectors.The removal of the control of interest rate through inflation targeting is somewhat the main focus of SAP. The concernsof the financial operators, the real sectors managers, the economists, and the policy analysts are the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy instruments of the CBN and the Ministry of Finance. Then, the impact in GDP growth rate,the stability of macroeconomic variables and the economic growth policy sustainability. In e ssence, citizens want to see how growth in GDP results to increase in employment, equal distribution of wealth, enabling business nvironment, and improvements in Human Development Index(HDI). National Bureau of Statistics, NBS (2013) data presents positive outlook of the annual macroeconomic variables in Nigeria as reported by CBN. From 1980 to 2012, the data depicts constant increase in GDP Growth Rate,stable money supply, controlled inflation Rate, favourable interest Rate, etc. The Monetary Policy Committee(MPC) has maintained interest rate at double digits since 2009. Many economists and policy analysts question the integrity of NBS macroeconomic data and the CBN reports on the state of the economy.Ojomaikre(2012) questions the rationale of a statement he accredited to Nigerias Finance Minister,NgoziOkonjo-Iweala that Nigeria is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Ojomaikre argues that Nigeria is not growing but broke. He asserts that government survey found out t hat, unemployment had increased across the country and was higher in rural than in urban areas. Similarly,he argues that the absolute poverty level had leapt from 54 per cent in 2006 to 70 per cent in 2010. The contradictions and argumentsregarding the growth of Nigeria economy and sustainability continue unabated.Obafemi(2013) supports some policies already implemented by the CBN in the last few years. He, however,questions the effectiveness of these policies in achieving the desired results and their sustainability. Sustainability in his opinion is about policy reversals when the present CBN Governor leaves office. Hoover(1988), posits that policy ineffectiveness theorem of New Classical school can be used to describe the current economic quagmire in Nigeria. PROBLEMS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Nigerias financial sector witnessed seemly tremendous innovations preceding the SAPin 1986.Objectives of SAP are to provide a liberalised and level playi ng field for the emergency of effective and efficient institutions that would serve as an engine of economic growth. As part of the reforms, CBN liberated the operating licenses of commercial banks. Their number rose from 40 in 1986 to 120 banks in 1992. The reforms led to the emergences of other financial institution such as discount houses and bureaux de changes which were non-existence prior to 1986. Importantly, CBN data (2012)depicts the increases in the capital base of banks since the introduction of reforms.The capital base of all bank and financial institutions was raised in 1998, from 10 million to 500 million. Presently, after recapitalization in 2005, the capital base rose to 25 Billion Naira. However, the major negative economic effects of reform were excess liquidity, unstable exchange rate, high inflation and volatile interest rates. According to IndexMundi publication on Nigeria economy, inflation increased from 6. 26% in 1986 to about 49% in 1989, and reached the pea k of 72% in 1995, depicting the highest rates recorded in Nigeria economy since 1986.CBN statistical data depicts macroeconomic indicators of money supply, inflation, and interest rates from 1986 when SAP was introduced. Money supply increased from about 24 Billion Naira in 1986 to 370 Billion Naira in 1996, and by 2006 money supply rose to four trillion Naira. The extreme volatility of inflation data within these periods demonstrate the instability of Nigerian economy which monetarists refer as monetary policy trap. On interest rates, CBN data shows that interest rate which was 12% in 1986 jumped to 24% as of 1989.Since late 1990s to 2004, interest rates in Nigeria have remained above 20% and even reached 30% in 2002. What is the cause of interest rate variability and what is the determinant of interest rate in economy? Blanchard(2003) examines domestic factors such as inflation, money supply, GDP growth rate and exchange rates as key factors. Factors that distinguish developed and developing countries in interest rate regime are efficiency of macroeconomic policy, its operation and implementation strategy. Some weaknesses associated with developing economies are weak institutional and weak legal frameworks.In developing economy, there is always the problem of high interest rate spread because of excess risk taken by commercial banks. Excessive risk has potential to stall economic activities and GDP growth. In the case of Nigeria, combined with these characteristics of developing countries, has also problem of systemic corruption which tends to reduce the efficiency of macroeconomic policy QUESTIONS OF MACROECONOMICS POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA This study will seek to provide the answer to the following questions. . What are the institutional frameworks for implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria? b. What macroeconomic variables are the determinants of interest rate? c. What is the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroecono mic variables? d. What are the challenges of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigerian? e. What policy recommendations and implementation strategies are required for macroeconomic policy and sustainabledevelopment in Nigeria? AIM, OBJECTIVE, SCOPE, AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDYThe aim of this study is to identify and examine the two essential elements of Macroeconomics the fiscalandmonetary policy. Different macroeconomics variables will also be surveyed and their impact on sustainable development in Nigeria. The broad objective of this study will beto assess the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. The specific objectives are a. To examine the institutional frameworks and implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria. b. To identify the macroeconomic variablesthat are the determinants of interest rate in Nigeria c.To determine the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic variables. d. To evaluate the challenges of the macr oeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. e. To recommend and proffer implementation strategies for effective macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria? The scope covers the process of assessing the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria from 1980 to 2012. This involves the evaluation of institutional framework and monetary policy of CBN.The following variables will be analysed interest rate, real interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, risk premium, to determine their relationships with GDP growth rate and sustainable development in Nigeria. The limitations will be encountered as the study progresses. There might be some difficulties in assessing some documents from CBN and to compare CBN data with that World Bank and IMF. Theseproblems can be solved through the availability of reliable secondary data in the internet.THE SIGNIFICANCE, POLICY RELEVANCE, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THIS STUDY Major concern of policy makers and monetary authorities regarding macroeconomic variables are not about the existence of these variables themselves but their sizes, which fluctuate in response to volatility of other variables. The result of this study will add to the theory of interest rate and existing body of knowledge in macroeconomic policy by assisting the CBN to conduct effective monetary policy that can drive sustainable development in Nigeria.The policy-maker will be well-informed to make appropriate macroeconomic policy. Technical language of macroeconomics will be simplified for the benefits of individuals in their financial transactions. The knowledge of financial operators and their entrepreneur acumen will beenriched with the introduction of risk premium as a macroeconomic analysing tool. Proper Information is necessary to create Macroeconomic awareness. This research will survey different theories of macroeconomics with special focus on macroeconomic policy of CBN.The survey of various definitions of ma croeconomic variables will be carried out. The classical theory Adam Smith(1776),author of the Wealth of Nations and his follwers also the Keynesian theory of, Keynes(1936),and the new classical theory of Hoover(1988). These theories have differing views on which institution or policy instruments thatare more effective than the other. However, Blanchard(2003) will be helpful in definition of interest rate theory which includes how inflation rate, expected inflation rate, money supply, and exchange raterelate to macroeconomic growth and stability.Barro(2008) will compare term structure of interest rate. Ackley(1971)will establish investment theory with emphasis in real interest rates. Very important in this research is risk premium which will be defined with Perloff(2007) theory on federal and capital market bonds. To compare relationship among monetary economic variables and complementary policy instruments of CBN, Udaba(2002) identifies Open Market Operations(OMO), Nigerian Inter-B ank Rate(NIBOR), Reserve Requirement(RR), Moral Suction, Special Deposit, and the activities of Monetary Policy Committee(MPC).There is also the Anyanwu and Oaikhenan(1995)model used to analyse the macroeconomic policy sustainability in Nigeria. Finally, for this study, Blanchard (2003) model will be used to analyse the institutional frameworks, macroeconomic variables and macroeconomic policies. METHODOLOGY This research work will be analysed through the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. It will apply both the primary and secondary sources of data collection. For estimation procedure, the study will employ Vector Autoregressive Model(VAR) and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity(GARCH).The VAR model was developed by Sims(1980) and will be usedto capture the second objective while GARCH method by (Engle, 1982 Bollerslev, 1986) will be applied to capture third objectives. VAR model is theory-free model because some countries exhibit particul ar characteristics that sometimes are devoid of any economic theory. The choice of this model was because of its unique feature to bring out dynamic behaviour of macroeconomic variables. In the model, every variable is seen as endogenous variable that can be explained by its lagged value and lagged values of all other variables in the model.The GARCH model is a popular method in financial literatures used as reliable model for volatility. The model takes the form of a univariateAutoregressive (AR) process of variables in question and the variance as a function of squared innovations from this AR process. Unit Root Test and Co-Integration Test will be conducted to know the stationary position of the macroeconomic variables, their order of integrations, and to identify the number of equations that exist in the model. The Augmented Dickey Fuller(ADF) and Johnasen Method, Gujaranti and Porter(2009)are current statistical method for this research.Primary sources of data will be collected through pre-arranged oral interviews and solicitation for filling of questionnaires to knowledgeable individuals and experts in the field of monetary policy and financial institutions. There are needs to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks,interact with policy makers and Nigerians from all walks of life. The secondary data will come from CBN Statistical Bulletin, NBS, World Bank and IMF Economic Outlook, economic journals, internet and electronic media.The NIPSS library will facilitate assess to some books and unpublished researchers. A sample size primary data source which will not be less than 50 respondents and willbe random collected from relevant offices and institutions. To conduct oral interviews and serve questionnaires, there are needs to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks, interact with policy makers, Nigerians from all walks of life. The computer application will be E-view 3. 1 or above. This application handles Time-series data more efficiently.DEFINITION OF TERMS/CONCEPTUAL CLASSIFICATIONS Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heterscedasticity(GARCH) Generalised Autoregressive conditional heterscedasticity used in measuring volatility in macroeconomic Time Series. Limited to more of financial time series. Vector Autoregression(var) Vector Autoregressive, used to estimate the lagged value of a variables and its lagged value to other variables. Helps in solving multiple equations problems among macroeconomic variables and to identify bilateral causality between variable e. g. nterest rate effect inflation and inflation effects interest rate. United Root Test A statistical instrument used to test the stationarity (or non-stationarity) of time series variables. United Root Test resulthelps to reject or accept the null hypothesis. Co-integration Test If two variables have long term or equilibrium relationship between them, they co-integrated e. g. Fishers quantity theory of money. In its application, the parameter of estimated variables i s compare with its critical significance. Policy Ineffectiveness Theorem(PIT)The theorem based on New Classical economics that money is neutrality on money in macroeconomic policies. Conclusions This work is organised into five sections. Section One present the Backgrounds, Problems of Macroeconomic Policy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria, Research QuestionsAims of Study and Objectives of Study, the Scope of the Study, Limitations, the Significance of the Study/Policy Relevance, Theoretical Framework, Hypotheses of the Study and Methodology. Section Three, discusses the historical development of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria.The focus here will be Monetary Policy of Central Bank of Nigeria, with specific study in interest rate determinant. Section Four will present data, content analysis and interpretations. Section five will display the overview of the research work include summary of findings, conclusions, recommendation and implementation strat egies. References Ackley, G. (1971), Macroeconomics. UK Macmillian Adam Smith, (1776). MasterpieceAn Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Edited by Edwin Cannan. Chicago UniversityofChicagoPress,1976.Availableonlineat http//www. econlib. org/library/Smith/smWN. html, 14/3/2013 Ampomg, K. O. (2005), Inflation Targeting Monetary Policy-the Way Forward,www. ghanaweb. com/ghanahomepage/features/artikel. phd? ID=80363. 12/3/2013 Anyanwu, J. C and H. E. Oaikhenan(1995),Modern MacroeconomicsTheory and Application in Nigeria. OnitshaJoanee Educational Publishers Ltd. Blanchard, O. (2003), Macroeconomics. New Jersey Prentice Hall. Bollerslev, T. (1986), Generalised Autoregressive Condition Heteroscedasticity. Journal of Econometrics, 31, 307-327.Barro,R. J. (2008), Macroeconomics. New Jersey Prentice Hall. CBN, (2011), Monetary Policy Reform. www. cenbank. org/monetarypolicy reforms. asp. 13/3/2013. Engle, R. F. (1982), Autoregressive Condition Heterscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom. Econometrical, 50, 987-1000. Gujarati, D. N. And Porter, D. C. (2009), Basic Econometrics. New York McGraw-Hill Education. Hoover, Kevin D. (1988), The New Classical Macroeconomics A Sceptical Inquiry. Oxford Blackwell IndexMundi, (2011), Consumer Price, www. indexmudi. om/nigeria/inflation rate%28consumerprice%29. html. 12/3/2013. Keynes, John M. (1935). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London Macmillan. Obafemi,O. Thisday, CBN and Financial Policy Implementation. 16 February, 2013. Ojomaikre, A. Guardian, Nigeria is not Growing and Broke(1). 25 June, 2012. Perloff, J. M. (2007), Microeconomics. New York Pearson/Addison Wesley. Sims, A. A. (1980), Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrical, 48, 10. Udaba, S. I. (2002), An Introduction to Nigerian Public Finance. EnuguLinco Press.

The Importance of Business Communication

When you think about these two quotes you will find a lot of meanings, something happens in your life around you, about the dealings and conversation and how to deal with others not just on business also in your general life, so it is too important to learn how to communicate. Communication is the work out of transmitting ideas, thoughts, tuition, opinions, and plans between various parts of an organization or sometimes to those on the outside of an organization who are interest in the business and convey to know the information.Communication is one of the almost basic functions of management in any organization. Its importance can never be over emphasized. The presence of business communication ensures that there is a sense of professionalism in the business. Good communication means your message is being sent and those receiving it clearly understand it in its entirely. Because of this, the liquidator will more likely respond to it in a positive manner.When this occurs, it means the message was communicated effectively. A customer who receives poor communication from an employee will most likely have an unfavorable response to a company. The reason for this could be because the somebody listening does not possess a clear understanding of what the person doing the talking is actually saying. Perhaps the request is unclear, or maybe the person listening did not pay close enough attention. Human relations cannot be present without communication.Good and effective communication is required for both personal relationships and successful business relationships. You can use business software and other popular applications for opus communication theory, or you can utilize the telephone and in-person methods for the spoken part. No matter how you communicate, make sure there is both talking and listening going away on and that you take the time to carefully consider what is being said to you. All three forms of communication are important to a business.The w rittencommunications can serve as a record of sorts while the phone conversations can facilitate the beginning of a great business relationship. The in-person communication will also help to further promote the business principles as well as the products. Face-to-face communication is especially important between companies and their customers. This is what keeps them attack back time and time again and what can place the business in the forefront of many situations that are perfect for acquiring and maintaining customers.Effective communication in business helps better understand a person or situation, enables us to resolve important differences, and builds trust and respect. Effective communication is also about exchanging information and it requires you to understand the emotion behind the information. Effective communication can also improve relationships at work, home, and in social situations by deepening your connections to others and improving teamwork, finish making, carin g, and problem solving. It is also stated that effective communication in a business is a learned skill.

Examine the role of women in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Shakespeare wrote the play Romeo and Juliet in the 16th century, a time in which the usance of women was not to be a person in their protest rights, but to be a wife to their husband and a mother to their children. Women had a specific give in society, and they were expected to set to expectations of their positions. Women were owned by their husbands, and had little to no freedom from their spouses or parents. In the play, Shakespeare depicts this situation through the character Juliet and her relationships and region in society, a young young woman growing into the expectations of women at that time.The theme of this essay is to examine the role of women in 16th century society i. e. Juliet, and contrast it to the role of women today. Juliets relationship with her parents is actually different to what would be expected today. In the 16th century it was common for wealthy parents to employ a nurse to receive up their children, to be what a mother figure is like today. Juliet s relationship is typical of the period in which the play was set her affluent parents industrious the prevail (who had given birth at the same time as peeress Capulet) to care for their female child when she was born, and wean her.A woman who had confused her own baby was an ideal source of milk for an upper-class infant whose mother preferred not to be troubled with doing her own nursing. This meant that Juliet had a stronger bond with her suck than with her biological mother, a conventional situation in the Elizabethan era. However, this did not mean that the Nurse would sire had any more say in Juliets upbringing than Capulet and Lady Capulet. Parents have a duty to make certain decisions for their children, as they did in the 16th century, however at that time a girl or women would barely ever make her own decisions, these would be made by her parents.In the play, Shakespeare places the character Juliet into a situation typical of the era arrange sexual union. At that time parents always chose a suitor for their daughter, regardless of her age or class. At this part in the play, Juliets mother enquires on her daughters disposition to be married. Here, Juliet behaves very uncharacteristically of the Elizabethan era, saying It is an honour that I dream not of, avoiding the proposal and demonstrating independent thinking. Lady Capulet has already made the decision for her daughter, and expects her to react dutifully as a daughter at that time would.Juliet says .. no more deep will I endart mine eye Than your consent to make it fly. Now she appears to be a model daughter, however she relieve acts uncharacteristically because she has not given her mother a straight answer, again avoiding the subject. Arranged marriage still occurs today, but it is not as common as it was in the Elizabethan era, so although girls are still put into this position they are still expected to conform to tradition and obey their parents decision.Here Juliet seems to feel free to withhold her consent, which is definitely not customary of the 16th century. In the Elizabethan era, men had more power, opportunities and influence on society than women did. Women did not have equal rights and were seen as possessions not people. Just as a girls parents controlled her decisions and life, once the girl became and woman and was married, her husband controlled her. Husbands had expectations of their wife as much as parents had of their daughter women were expected to behave accordingly, obeying their husbands.Their role as a wife would be to comply with their husbands decisions and bear him a family. At this time, women knew no other way of life, and so more often than not women complied with the traditions, unlike today in which women are seen as equal citizens in society. In the play, Juliet was expected to marry Paris and become his possession, with no love involved. Juliet would have reacted normally to this idea, as many young women dreamed of the idea of love, and when proposed to, would create their own form of love for their husbands, usually respect.Many marriages were arranged by parents and were found on suitability, not love. Nowadays marriage is based on love alone, and parents have less influence over choosing a husband for their daughter. Lady Capulets role as a woman in the play is exactly what an upper class mother of that time would have been like. Lady Capulet was forced into marriage when still only young And too soon marred are those so early made. After giving birth to Juliet at a very young age, she chose to employ someone else to nurse her child, which was also usual of a woman of that status.In the Elizabethan era it was commonplace to have a Nurse bring up the child, as a mother would today. The character of the nurse would have been a recognizable type to Shakespeares audience. A woman who had lost her own baby was an ideal source of milk for an upper-class infant whose mother preferred not to be troubled w ith doing her own nursing. Babies were weaned by having a foul-tasting salve smeared on the nipple laid wormwood to my dug. The bodily intimacy amidst Juliet and the nurse creates a close motherly bond between them.The character of Juliet was not a typical 16th century girl, as although she was faced with the same situations as a girl of that time, she reacted differently and did not conform to the traditions and expectations made of her. Shakespeare chose not to make the character Juliet conform because his play was a dramatic tragedy, written to entertain audiences. Juliet would interest an Elizabethan audience to watch as she was uncharacteristic of that time, and she reacted differently to what was expected.Shakespeare chose to develop the female characters roles in the way he did so that the audience could relate and recognise these characters, making the play more elicit for them to watch.Bibliography http//www. beyondbooks. com/sha91/5c. asp http//www. wsu. edu8080/brians/l ove-in-the-arts/romeo. html http//www. englishbiz. co. uk/mainguides/shakespeare. html http//web. uvic. ca/shakespeare/Library/SLT/intro/introsubj. html.

English Proficiency Essay

oral communication proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the king of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language. As theories set forth among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiency,1 there is little consistency as to how assorted organizations classify it. Additionally, smoothness and language competence are generally recognized as organism related, but separate controversial subjects. In predominant frameworks in the United States, proficient speakers try twain accuracy and fluency, and habit a variety of talk of strategies.2 Thus, domestic speakers of a language can be fluent without being considered proficient. -OrganizationsACTFLThe American Council on the T individuallying of unusual Languages (ACTFL) distinguishes between proficiency and performance. In part, ACTFLs definition of proficiency is derived from mandates issued by the US presidential term, declaring that a limited position proficient student is one who comes from a non- slope backwardsground and who has sufficient difficulty speaking, reading, theme, or understanding the face language and whose difficulties may deny such an individual the opportunity to learn successfully in classrooms where the language of instruction is incline or to participate fully in our confederation. ACTFL views performance as being the combined effect of all three modes of communication interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational. - growth frameworksNote that test hemorrhoid may non correlate reliably, as different understandings of proficiency lead to different types of assessment * FSI examination (Foreign Service Institute) Scores range from 0 to 5+.3 (deprecated) * Interagency Language Roundtable Scores range from 0 to 5.4 (evolved from FSI) * Language Proficiency Index* ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines ACTFL recognises ten different take aims of proficiency novice, intermediate, good, and superior, of whichthe first three are each subdivided into low, mid, and high. * Common European Framework of Reference for Languages CEF recognises six levels A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2.Proficiency tests* CELPE-Bras (Certificate of Proficiency in Portuguese for Foreigners)* Defense Language Proficiency Tests* DELE (Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign Language)* Examination for Japanese University Admission* General side of meat Proficiency Test* Hny Shupng Kosh ()* IELTS (Inter field of study English Language Testing System)* iTEP (International Test of English Proficiency* Japanese Language Proficiency Test ( Nihongo Nryoku Shiken)* Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers* The European Language Certificates (telc language tests)* TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)* TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication)* TEPS (Test of English Proficiency au accordinglytic by Seoul National University)* Test of Russian as a Foreign Language* Test de franais international* Test de connaissance du franais* TOCFL( Test of Chinese as a Foreign Langua ge)* UBELT (University of Bath English Language Test)* University of Cambridge ESOL examinationSee also Language tests category-editProfessional organizations* Alliance franaise* American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages* Association of Language Testers in Europe* Foreign service institute* Goethe-Institut* UCLES* UNIcert* Instituto Cervantes* UBELT-References1. www.ncela.gwu.edu2. http//lauder.wharton.upenn.edu3. www.utm.edu4. www.utm.eduEnglish proficiency is the the ability to speak, read and/or write in English. To be considered truly proficient, one should have advanced abilities in all three areas of communication.English Proficiency In The PhilippinesI recently read that 80% of teachers failed their English proficiency exam and that roughly CallCenters are closing because of a lack of applicants who have a level of English fluencydemanded by the industry.I am a immanent Speaker (Canadian / UK) with over 20 years experince presenting Englishlanguage programs for the Canadian federal and provincial governments, several colleges and auniversity. After moving to thePhilippinesI continued my presentions and education to foreigners in ESL schools.Recently I indomitable to change my ESL students. Why should I be teaching foreiners English whenwhat I should be doing is giving the Filipno a take place to improve their chances of having achallenging and rewarding career?.It makes to a greater extent sense to me, to religious service them to improve their English to a level of fluency that most companies both here in the Philippines and abroaddemand.Lets give the Filipino a chance to improve their position in lifeMy first opportunity was to present my English fluency program to English teachers in the private school sector. 80% failed the initial testing, However, later 80% achieved a much high level of fluency after completing the program. The EF English Proficiency Index (EF EPI) is a business relationship which attempts to site countrie s by the total level of English skills amongst adults. It is the product of EF Education First, a global language training company, and draws its conclusions from data collected via online English tests usable for stop over the internet. The report was published for the first time in March, 2011 based on the results of over 2 million test takers.1 The most recent rank was released in October, 2012. -MethodologyThe 2012 index is compiled from the results of 1.7 million adults who took one of three short online English tests between 2009 and 2011. The test takers were self-selected and no demographic information was collected on them. The tests are employ by the company for marketing and placement purposes. 52 countries and 2 territories appear in the 2012 index. All early(a) countries did not have comme il faut test takers to be considered valid. In order to be included a area was required to have at least 400 test takers total.2 -FindingsThe report is composed of a country ra nking table, several pages of analysis with graphs correlating other economic and social factors with English proficiency, and regional analyses of Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East and northward Africa. The 2012 report includes data for the first time comparing women to men, and comparing different age groups by English proficiency. The website displays portions of the report and has in-depth profiles of the role of English in 15 countries 3 which are not contained in the report. Eleven country factsheets are presented separately from the report. These admit data on how cities and regions scored within the country.Primary conclusions1. Exports per capita, Gross National Income per capita and average number of years of schooling all correlate positively with English proficiency. That is to say wealthier countries speak better English. 2. The factor that correlates best to English proficiency is profits usage. 3. Europe as a whole speaks the best English, Latin Ameri ca the worst. 4. Starting English education younger in school does not trainfully improve adult proficiency. -CriticismThe EF English Proficiency Index has been criticized for its lack of typical have in each country.4 The report states that participants in the tests are self-selected and must(prenominal) have access to the internet. This pushes the index towards the realm of an online survey rather than a statistically valid evaluation. However there are few alternative comparisons available of countries by their English skills, and those that exist are smaller in scale, as is the case with a reported British Council study,1 or they have other sampling flaws, as is the case with rankings of countries by measuring rodized English test scores such as the TOEFL.5 The European Commission performed a language survey, SurveyLang, which tests a representative sample of 15 year old European students on their foreign language skills. The first report and data sets were released for 13 European countries in June 2012 6 -References1. a b English Who speaks English?. The Economist. Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 2. EF English Proficiency Index Comparing English skills between countries EF EPI. Ef.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 3. English around the piece unsophisticated profiles EF EPI. Ef.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 4. The English Blog EF English Proficiency Ranking. Jeffreyhill.typepad.com (2011-03-30). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 5. TOEFL Test and Score Data Summaries. Ets.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 6. 1. European Commission. Retrieved on 2012-09-20. Communicative Competence and English as an International LanguageLanguage is used for expressing our thoughts , and for verbal stand foring, problem-solving, and creative writing, but it is used essentially for communication. What makes it difficult to grasp the language users systems of representation for communication with others is the fact that the capability of individuals to interact with others through language is a unique quality and at the same time a all(prenominal)day piece quality. The successful language use for communication presupposes the development of communicative competence in the users of that language and that the use of language is constrained by the socio-cultural norms of the society where the language is used.The use of English in Britain is influenced by the British socio-cultural norms which underlie individual differences. So are American English, Indian English, Nigerian English, and Singaporean English. That holds uncoiled in areas where English is used daily either as a native language or as a second language. In the use of English for international communication, however, what societys or societies socio-cultural norms should be observed? Should they be the Anglo-American norms because speakers use American or British English as the regulate? Or would they be the socio-cultural norms of speakers native societies, which are not conspicuous neverthele ss inevitably ooze out? Or is there what might be called pan- human or universal socio-cultural norm(s) overarching individual societies and cultures?In this paper, I would first review communicative competence briefly, then discuss what English as an International Language (EIL) is, and lastly argue that communicative competence, especially socio-cultural competence, of EIL speakers does not necessarily compulsion to be that of native English speakers.English ProficiencyEnglish nowadays is considered as the universal language for which it is understood by almost all countries around the world. It is used by most state as their second language. First, it is a way of life of life of communication in business, negotiations & especially in faculty members. It plays an strategic role in the basic education, particularly to speaking and writing (Kumar, 2009). English proficiency must be treated as an additional skill. In reality, a country wishs to build familiarity, friendship an d collaborate with other countries as well. It is the governments pact to give good quality of education to be able to work and communicate in a wider and competitive world (Alave, 2006).English proficiency pertains to the ability to speak, read and write in English. To be considered as truly proficient, you should have an advanced skill in this. We know that English is the universal language, to communicate to those people in other countries you have to speak in English so they will understand what you are saying.We all know that lately, our country, Philippines is known for being English proficient of its citizen. But, this advantage is being eroded by other rising competitions with declining mastery of some college graduates. Just recently, a language test was taken by IDP Education Pty. Ltd. Philippines which showed that our country is no longer the top English-speaking country in Asia. This may be so because some students nowadays do not even try to enhance their English skill . LOW ENGLISH PROFICIENCY CAUSES AND EFFECTS TO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS The low levels of English proficiency among university students nowadays becoming a hot issue among academic thinkers. This is because the students English language skills are not being developed during their higher education experience.Thus, reflects electronegatively on the quality of higher education and its graduates. The factors low English proficiency among most learners are due to two factors internal factors such as no confident when using English, negative attitude towards the English language and external factor like the limited opportunities to use English external the classroom. Most learners have lack of confidence when using English language. For example, the person that has low self-confidence may refuse to use the language in publics. Anna Freud once said I was always looking outside myself for strength and confidence but it comes from within. It is there all the time. This shown that confident lev els are decreasing when the learners are lack of self-confidence to use this language. They are afraid to be wrong and prejudiced close it.The second reason is the negative attitudes towards the English language. For information, attitude has been defined as the inclination to act or to be in a state of readiness to act (Gagne, 1985). The learners just learnt English for pass the examination not using it as their second language. Students in university generally hold it difficult to maintain their interest in English language learning as English is not seen as important for their immediate needs other than to pass their examination. A lot of negative attitudes build up from unfamiliarity with the culture of the target language (Tucker and lambert, 1973). Malay students from small towns or rural places ordinarily grown up in a situation that English is unimportant language, not like their speaking homes language, Bahasa Melayu.English Proficiency for Global CompetitivenessFor some years, the Philippines was well-known as the only English-speaking country in Southeast Asia. The fluency of the English language came from the Americans who once occupied our coasts. In that period of time, we stood at an advantage from our neighbor countries. We got a lot of profits because we could speak the language that most developed countries use. Filipinos had already been capable of persuading foreign investors to set in our country even before other Asian countries realized the need to train their citizens in utilizing the English language to be able to converse with other countries and add-on their economies. That is why we held a great promise of development during those times.After some years, we shifted to use our national language as the medium for instruction in school, government facilities, and everywhere with our belief that people would learn better and they would become more(prenominal) nationalistic. The advocates of the English language, then, suddenly had t o give way to those who are in favor of our native language. Language, indeed, became an issue.Well, it does not mean that if we use the English language, we are less nationalistic. We have been using Filipino in our lives for several years already and we have rattling seen its effect. We could say that it had not really made a significant difference in terms of the students rate of learning and development in our country. I think, it is about time that we embrace the use of the English language once more so we could be more competitive globally.Surely we have to move back to square one as we try to regain the edge that we lost. Right motivation and proper attitude towards the acquisition of the English language will doubtless help us become confident and adept in the language. Stop neglecting the English language, lets use it. English Proficiency in the Philippines substructureBecause English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a world language, the lingua franc a of the modern era, and while it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language.The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Gaelic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from England and their language was called Englisc from which the words England and English are derived.Approximately 375 million people speak English as their first language. English today is credibly the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. However, when combining native and non-native speakers it is probably the mos t commonly spoken language in the world, though possibly second to a combination of the Chinese languages (depending on whether or not distinctions in the latter are classified as languages or dialects). Countries such as the Philippines, Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English.Ways to Improve English ProficiencyThis expression was created by a professional writer and edited by experienced copy editors, both qualified members of the Demand Media Studios community. All articles go through an editorial process that includes subject matter guidelines, plagiarism review, fact-checking, and other steps in an effort to provide reliable information. By Gregory Hamel, eHow Contributor 1.o English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Gaining English proficiency can be an important verbalism of education in many fields from business to aviation to science. Eve n native English speakers can benefit from increasing knowledge and up(a) writing skills. There are many accessible ways to improve English proficiency effectively without taking formal classes.Speak Regularlyo One of the most important aspects of gaining proficiency in any language is speaking it regularly. Self-study can improve reading and comprehension skills, but interacting with other English speakers is essential for boosting real-world comprehension and practical use of the English language. If you live in a bilingual home, designate a certain amount of time each day for speaking only in English. Making English-speaking friends, perhaps those interested in learning a different language that you speak, can help increase proficiency. Living in an English-speaking country will help immerse you in the language and increase all aspects of your English knowledge.Mediao observance or listening to media in English is a way to improve English comprehension without feeling like you are studying. Watch popular English movies and listen to English music. Avoid watching dubbed films in favor of those with English voice and subtitles.ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEVELSThe definitions of the vanadium limited-English language proficiency levels, as well as level 6, one of two fully-English language proficiency levels, are from PI 13.08(3)(1)-(6), Wisconsin Administrative Rule. Level 7, the other fully-English language proficiency level, is used for purposes of state reporting/state testing. Level 1Beginning/Preproduction WIDA level = EnteringA learner shall be classified level 1 if the pupil does not understand or speak English with the exception of a few isolated words or expressions. Level 2Beginning/Production WIDA level = Beginning A pupil shall be classified level 2 if all of the following criteria are met (a) The pupil understands and speaks conversational and academic English with hesitancy and difficulty. (b) The pupil understands parts of lessons and simp le directions. (c) The pupil is at a pre-emergent or emergent level of reading and writing in English, significantly below grade level.Level 3Intermediate WIDA level = DevelopingA pupil shall be classified level 3 if all of the following criteria are met(a) The pupil understands and speaks conversational and academic English with decreasing hesitancy and difficulty. (b) The pupil is post-emergent, developing reading comprehension and writing skills in English. (c) The pupils English literacy skills allow the student to demonstrate academic knowledge in content areas with assistance. Level 4Advanced Intermediate WIDA level = Expanding A pupil shall be classified level 4 if all of the following criteria are met (a) The pupil understands and speaks conversational English without apparent difficulty, but understands and speaks academic English with some hesitancy. (b) The pupil continues to acquire reading and writing skills in content areas needed to achieve grade level expectations wi th assistance.ENGLISH PROFICIENCY HOW MUCH OF A PROBLEM IS IT?For many of us, the state of education in a country speaks volumes. Where English is spoken and taught as a second language, fluency is deemed a basic requirement for proper communication and propagation of ideas and connotes success. Does this fluency actually translate to a countrys economic success and overall standing in the world of nations?Back when American influence on teachers was still strong in the 1950s, I recall instances where all of us, pupils then, were required to speak English in English class or be fined five centavos per instance of speaking in Ilocano, a major(ip) dialect of northern Philippines. Five centavos then was a hefty sum. Tagalog, now Filipino, was not commonly in use at the time. Each one of us would try to catch anyone who committed the sin and report it to a classmate assigned to collect the fines who, in turn, would submit the list of offenders to the teacher. We never asked where those collections went. Teachers were the bosses and their word was law. No one questioned them. They stood on pedestals and we looked up to them with much respect. Teaching was a very respectable profession.Looking back, I now realize that our teachers in elementary and high school, then spoke or at least taught us proper English and with much enthusiasm. peradventure my siblings and I had the added advantage of being raised by parents who happened to be teachers. Several of their brothers and sisters were graduates of the Philippine Normal School. Books we used were brought in by the American teachers and ministersfrom readers, to hymnals, to almanacs. There were a good deal no Filipino authors that we knew of. American influence gave us a decided advantage over our Asian neighbors. The country enjoyed a privileged status in the region as a consequence of this. Engish is the standard form of communication. Its used worldwide by people who are from different countries but need to commu nicate with each other.English is also seen as the business language, as for reasons mentioned above.We study it also for the reasons we study any language-we need to have a way to articulate the things we need and desire.English is also used primarily on the internet-which today connects millions of people world wide.English is used in many different countries also because curing the Colonial and Imperial Age, Britain proved to be successful at gaining colonies on different continents around the world. MUCH has been said about the magnificence of English in our schools and here is other to add to the sum total. There is a saying that if you have something the world wants, it will beat a means to your door wherever you may be but if the world has something you want, then you have to go out to get it. As of now, what we want from the outside world is the latest knowledge in all fields of human endeavour. Undeniably, most of these are couched in English and to acquire them we have to be proficient in the language. Having acquired and returned with new knowledge, the need is to disseminate it through learning institutions for the benefit of the country.Teaching it to those proficient in English is straight forward. But to recipients who are monolingual in Bahasa Malaysia, translations will be required, and this can be slow and time-consuming. Depending on translations alone is hardly an efficient way to keep up with the latest advances. Perhaps that is why our government is encouraging bilingualism English and Bahasa Malaysia in our national schools. But individual proficiency in English will differ and it may require sweetener depending on ones career leanings. If one wishes to engage in local business or to take up more mundane occupations, then perhaps knowing Bahasa Malaysia alone will be adequate, but of course, a smattering of English will always help.But if one aspires to be a diplomat, a scientist or to enrol in an English university, then a greater depth in English is required. Since Bahasa Malaysia is the national language, it has to be taught in schools. It is the gum tree that binds our people in concert for national betterment. English, on the other hand is the currency for international discourse, without which we would be isolated. Hence, until such time when we are an advanced country and our national language is brought to a wider and impeccable level and our people can invent things the world will want, then the world will indeed beat a path to our shores to learn from us and in our national language. C.P.B.,Kuala Lumpur.Today, there are many people all of the world study English. Most of people think that maybe english becomes their second language. But have you ever wondered Why do we need to learn English. Why dont we prying about it? First, English helps you to improve friendship and maybe include our knowledge around the world. Nowadays, many people have a wider friendship around the world. So learning English is an important way to communicate with friends from another countries. Absolutely, learning English can help you to make more friends, we can exchange with a lot of people, improve our relationships. From that, we can learn more, open our knowledge world. Every year, there are lots of teenagers go overseas to learn for themselves, to improve every important, to bring every new thing from another countries to our country. Second, English helps you to connect our country to the world or we can learn more about another countriess tradition.Learning English, we can introduce every beautiful things, places, to internaional friends from another countries. Foreigners wil be curious and they will travel to our country. On the contrary, we can understand more special traditional foods, cultures, from another countries. I think its great so we need to learn English Finally, we can find jobsmore easily. Today, all companies need their wokers know at least on language, especially English. In s ome international companies, every person have to know English well. So we need to learn English in other to have a good job for you. You can see. Learning is very important way to climb on our future stepladder. I hope that people wil learn English for themselves and for their future.English is one of the legacys examples that was left by the British colonial principle in Malaysia long time ago. It is one of the most crucial foreign languages in Malaysia and even around the world nowadays, and is used widely and quite extensively in all aspects of daily life. English and the national language of Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, both play a very important role in tighten together our multicultural nation. English and Bahasa Malaysia helps to unite people and to create a unique national awareness. Instead of its history, Malaysia has recently showed a sharp decline in the English language proficiency.According to Murugesan (2003), the decline is largely due to a backwash effect from a cha nge implemented in the early 1960s and mid-seventies when Bahasa Malaysia replaced English as the medium of instruction in schools and as the language used for official matters. On the other hand, according to Lee (2002), the drop in proficiency of English has not been due so much to the emphasis on Malay, but it is primarily the result of bad attitudes to language and poor approaches to the teaching of language. The decline of English language proficiency will lead to other side effects that will someday give out various major problems to us. Due to the decline in our country, it might be a step backward from other country around the world from the information and technology aspect and other related aspects.In this essay, I will critically response about the topic, English Language Proficiency Should Not Be Taken for disposed(p) based on the three articles that have been chooses. The first article that I have chooses is mainly about the importance of English language proficiency. The second article talks about the steps that will be taken to enhance the English usage, while the third article discuss about suggestions to strengthen the students English language proficiency.