Police Strategies Essay Example for Free

Police Strategies EssayThe topic I chose to research about is which guard strategy/play is most effective in reducing crime and disorder. There are various forms of policing much(prenominal) as community-oriented policing, problem-oriented policing, hot spy policing, rugged windows theory, and zero-tolerance policing. COP is a model of policing that stresses a two-way working relationship between the community and the police along with the police becoming more integrated into the local community, and citizens take for granted an active role in crime control and prevention. POP is a concept created by Herman Goldstein in which he believes the police should take the categories of crime, order maintenance, and gain and break them down into discrete problems and then develop specific responses to each one. Hot spots policing originated from research that revealed crime is extremely concentrated in tiny areas. The low-spirited windows theory is about how crime problems develo p at place, and how police should focus their role to stop crime problems from arising.According to Paul M.Walters, there is a strategy for COP to prevent crime and disorder which is referred to as response to incidents (R2I). R2I requires law enforcement officers to react to crimes or emergency incidents. In order to promote citizen sanction in the police, officers should swiftly respond to any such incidents and establish and maintain control over the situation. R2I also requires officers to respond proactively to crime patterns. This is accomplished through such tactics as directed patrol, targeted identifications, etc.However, if police administrators do non carefully manage the R2I strategy, their departments can quickly be overwhelmed by community demands. In order to manage increased calls for police service, administrators need to monitor demand and then research as many creative ways as viable to respond to these calls. There are many ways to respond to calls for assista nce that do non require the immediate dispatching of an officer in a patrol car. Other, less expensive responses may satisfy the request just as in effect.Another way to better serve jurisdictions using the R2I strategy is to invest in current technology in such areas as communications, information, case management and analysis, and transportation which may include automate mug systems, records management and retrieval systems, automated aging systems, and mobile data terminals. Department managers moldiness then use all their resources, both technological and human, in a balanced way that produces not just activity but also results that they can measure against their mission statements.Managing the limited resources of departments to respond effectively to both incidents and calls for service, while producing the greatest advantage for their communities, requires managers to unclutter informed, professional decisions. Foot patrol and Neighborhood Watch programs are two other pop ular strategies for the effectiveness of COP. A number of evaluations in the 1980s describe that while additional foot patrol did not reduce crime, it did increase feelings of safety. If people are less fearful they might not withdraw from the communities, and the serve well of neighborhood deterioration might not begin.Neighborhood Watch programs grow repeatedly been found to have little impact on crime. Residents who live in areas with more crime, and who live in inner-city minority neighborhoods, have been less willing to participate in Neighborhood Watch programs or any other activities that pretend partnership with the police. The effect of whether COP plant life is hard to say and evidence is very mixed. Its hard to evaluate since its done distinctly from police department to police department. While a number of questions remain, the future of COP appears bright.According to Paul M.Walters, the heart of the POP approach is the concept that police must be more responsive to the causes of crime, rather than merely dealing with the results of crime. Maintaining neighborhood safety can be more beneficial to the community than merely treating isolated neighborhood problems. This approach represents a significant shift in how both the public and the police view the role of law enforcement in the community. Problem-oriented policing is a proactive, alter approach to providing police function designed to reduce crime and disorder, and by extension, the fear of crime.Department heads achieve this by assigning officers to specific neighborhoods on a long-term basis. Long-term involvement between the officers and neighborhood residents fosters the development of credible relationships based on mutual trust and cooperation. It also allows a high-level fill in of information between citizens and police officers, as well as mutual input concerning policing priorities and tactics for specific areas of the community.Problem-oriented policing also istributes po lice services more effectively across the community and targets high-crime areas for problem-solving approaches that allow law enforcement to define and deal with the causes of crime. This helps to neutralize the undue influence of special interest groups that can be the recipients of preferred services when no system of community-based priorities exists. Systematic reviews and meta analysis are a method for determining whether POP reduces crime and disorder. A study was conducted by Weisburg, Telep, Hinkle, and Eck.Whether they used a more conservative mean effect size approach or examined the largest effects on crime and disorder reported, they found that POP approaches have a statistically significant effect on the outcomes examined. Importantly, the results are similar whether we look at experimental or nonexperimental studies. The small group of studies in the review allows us to come to a solid conclusion regarding the promise of POP, but it does not allow statistical conclusi ons regarding the types of approaches that work best for specific types of problems.They think it a study public policy failure that the government and the police have not invested greater effort and resources in identifying the POP approaches and tactics that work best to armed combat specific types of crime. Moreover, a much larger number of studies are needed to draw strong generalizations regarding the possible effectiveness of POP across different types of jurisdictions and different types of police agencies.The portfolio of available studies does not allow us to draw conclusions about such contextual factors and suggests that U.S. policing has adopted POP widely without an evidence base for decision making where and when it should be used. The central conclusion of our review is that POP as an approach has significant promise to ameliorate crime and disorder problems broadly defined. Hot spots policing is easier to implement than COP and POP. Research early on showed it had promise in reducing crime. Its easy to implement as officers are still doing patrol and making arrests. Computerized crime mapping is used in nearly every police department that does hot spots policing.Some programs can do statistical analyses to identify hot spots and find trends in crime across time and space. The programs also can have maps updated with the latest data each day. Studies have found that hot spots policing is at least moderately effective in reducing crime. Its so hard to know what exactly works because many studies also involve elements of POP and other tactics. The broken windows theory is widely viewed as effective in policing circles after it was used in overbold York City in the 1990s and the city had a large crime drop.There are several suggestions for how police could best prevent crime with the broken windows theory. Police should return to the order maintenance role. Police should not ignore disorder. Police should negotiate consensus with residents and users of public spaces about what is or is not acceptable in that area. The key is to deal with disorder quickly and not let it untended, and clean it up in areas that have declined. This is hypothesized to prevent fear of crime and maintain societal controls in areas such as residents arent afraid to intervene and/or move away from the area.Some studies have found increased complaints against the police with the broken windows theory. In conclusion, the research I obtained about the various police strategies and tactics leads to an important statement. Unfortunately, there is no clear answer. There is fairly mixed and lightsome research evidence about the impacts of these tactics on crime. COP seems effective in fighting fear of crime and improving police-community relations but not in fighting crime. A report by the National Academy reinforces that the most effective strategies and tactics are those that target small locations, take a focused approach, and are highly proactive.

Types of teachers Essay Example for Free

Types of teachers EssayTeachers A teacher could simply be defined as one who teaches, or an individual who imparts information or skill to a person. Different types of teachers have different methods of passing on their knowledge. there argon three types of teachers informative, nonchalant and friendly. There atomic number 18 specific teachers for each students and it is the students job to figure out which type of teacher is compatible with their way of demanding. First, an informative teacher is the type of teacher that gives students the nearly information and can be more intuitive as far as teaching. These types of teachers are basically, for students who desire someone who is straight-forward and bestows facts as well as semiprecious details needed in order to pass the class. Even though this can be vigorous, the student will attain a greater add up of intellect. The downside to informative teachers is that they barely have time to develop a relationship with their stu dents, being that they are spending most their time solely teaching. Second, nonchalant teachers are the types to have most students fall asleep in class.Known to be very mono-toned and apathetic, nonchalant teachers are extremely boring in many opinions. insouciant teachers are known to talk let uply, this can happen from a speech impediment, slow thought, or a variety of things. A teachers slow speech can be a drag, enough to make them unlikeable if they have no other redeeming qualities. Even though this kind of teacher may be unattractive to most people, students are more likely to learn accurately due to the teachers slow speech.If a student does not learn as quickly as others, it is ideal to have a teacher who speaks slowly to help the students brain process. Finally, a friendly teacher, as the very depot suggests, acts like a friend for students. A teacher-friend, in fact, combines both the guidance of a teacher and the understanding of a friend. We all, at some point of t ime, purport for an understanding teacher. Such a teacher acts like our friend, philosopher and guide, every teacher should have some friendly traits.Such a teacher is more taut to the students and proves to be a better educator as well. Right from the time we embark on our education trip, we come across different types of teachers. Some teachers are friendly, some are nonchalant teachers and some are informative teachers and they have different methods of passing on their knowledge there is where students begin to like the teachers, concord to their own individual preferences.

Javi Varas Football Analysis

Javi Varas Foot formal AnalysisFootball AnalysisName of the player Javi VarasName of the activity FootballPosition of the player Goal shop stewardIdentify the essential skills/techniques needed for a participant in his position and the part of tacticsFootball is 1 of the most celebrated sports all everyplace the world. There are m all positions in a football team which are defenders, goalkeepers, midfielders and attackers. As for goalkeepers, they have to catch the ball hearty, dribble and pass the ball to former(a) players. They also must(prenominal) jump and dive for the ball. In order to be a good goalkeeper, you must have balance, hand- warmness coordination, strength and a concentrated mental focus.Here are the main skills of Javi VarasProtection of the goal Varaz is the last line of defense to prevent the other team from marking. He can biff the ball, catch the ball or kick the ball back into play. The only player who can use his hands within the goal box is Varaz. Hi s forward-looking teams place him well out of the goal when the offense of the team is on attack to provide an advantage in numbers compared to the opposing team.Coordination of the defense Varaz is con berthred the eye and ear on the field and may often see things the coaches do non. He communicates with the defensive players and midfielders to place them in correct position and gives them instructions to depart formation to prevent the oncoming attack of the other team. He also coordinates the defense during free kicks, corner kicks and goal kicks. More advanced players go away determine and respect his role and follow his focalisations.Distribution of the ball Varaz has an excellent view of the field of play and can change the field of play from one fount to another. As an example, the ball can come to him from the right side of the field and he can kick it to the left side of the field. Changing the ball quickly from one side to another is important to move the ball past the opponents defense. He can also place the ball directly to the midfield with a exhaust kick so that the team is quickly prepared to attacking the other goal. His team uses him as a goalkeeper to distribute the ball to players ultimately overleap play and have more shots on goal.Explain in details the strengths and weaknesses of the playerThe strength of the playerSpeed Varaz must be quick. He demand quick feet, quick hands, and a quick caput. Thats why he is able to get from a standing position to a laying position in less(prenominal) than a second. And back up again just as fast. He is able to block a speeding shot, and then another, then another, forrader the other players blink. He is able to redirect his entire body in a moment. Quickness is essential.Harshness Varaz must be harsh. Falling to the ground, diving from side to side, sliding, colliding, and slamming into aggressive opponents are all a normal part of a game. Thats why he has to hit the ground more quantify throughout a match than whatsoever other player. And collisions with breakaway offenders hit the hardest.Jumping All goalkeepers must be good jumpers. Varaz is able to cover the length of the goal in one dive, elevate his head above the crossbar, and rise up above the heads of all opponents. He also jumps during almost every save, especially when catching or clearing a corner kick. Thats why he must be strong.Determination Varaz has long arms, large hands, a slender torso, and powerful legs, and he must be determined. Be get along he is determined, he never lets a ball hit the net. He is also determined as he never to hang his head. In addition, Varaz is determined as he must not be afraid. Finally, he is determined to always make the save and not to give up.WeaknessesFrom the main weaknesses of Varaz areDeflection when Varaz makes a great save, he deflects the ball towards an oncoming player, giving the other team another chance to score. In other words, when Varaz catches the bal l, he changes its direction causing the opponents from the other team to score.Slow reaction the reaction of Varaz to low balls is slow, meaning that he ordain save shots that have a lift, but is less likely to save shots on the ground. In other words, Varaz is able to catch the ball if it is high. However, he loses the ball when it is thrown into him on a low level. cosmos shortsighted For a keeper, he is very short. This means that he relies on his reaction time a lot, which is average, so his height certainly restricts him. In other words, sometimes the ball can be very high and thats why Varaz is not able to catch it leading to its entrance in the goal and the scoring of the opponent team.Therefore, Varaz must be provided with the right training in order to improve his transaction and become a better goalkeeper.How to improve his strengthIn order to be able to develop his strength, Varaz has toFocus Varaz must be focused during the game even if the ball is far away from him 1 8 tread box. Many goalkeepers start to focus when the ball is near the 18 yard box which is a bad routine.Watch the ball carefully Varaz must not look for his opponents. Instead, he must look for the ball. His main mission as a goalkeeper is to save shoots from his opponents. However, he should also keep in mind that he get out need to leave your 18 yard box sometimes to clear the ball. This will generally be a must at least once per game. He must therefore be prepared on this one and he cannot hold back. Instead he needs to forgather the run with determination.Be quick Varaz must not stay on the line and wait for his opponent. What he should do is to run at his opponent and stretch his body to make himself big. By doing this, his opponent will need to react faster which will lead to mistakes from their side. They will need to make quicker decisions which will lead to more mistakes.Have confidence Varaz must have confidence in himself. This one is one of the most important thing s for a goalkeeper and without that his performance will not be any good. He must encourage himself and doesnt let a mistake discourage him. Instead, he has to analyze what he has do wrong and try not to repeat the same mistake in the next game. Finally, he must keep in mind that he bank play soccer without making mistakes. The mistakes are a part of the game.Improve of weaknessesIn order for Varaz to improve his weaknesses, he has toLearn how to warm up well that depends on the knee in the first place and then the rest of the body.Learn how not to be afraid of the ball Varaz must throw himself on the floor to catch the ball before the players puts his foot on it.Learn how to jump Varaz has to leap towards the ball with a distance of at least one meter in order to hold it perfectly.Look at the ball itself and not the player he must focus on the ball and not on the attacker who kicks the ball.Practice jumping north and south to catch the ball and that by depending on one of the foo t and not on twain of them so that he could jump for a long distance.Learn how to stretch the body especially during high balls or corner balls. He also has to do whatever it takes to catch the ball before any opponent does.Put his foot behind him in case the ball is low and strong as his foot helps him to block the ball from entering into the goal net.Be bold while attracting the attention of his team in order not to do any mistakes. He also must know that he is the best one to catch balls of fouls. He also must organize the line of defenders consisted of his team and he is the one who gives the orders to the players to be ready for any kind of a ball.By following these instructions, Varaz would be able to improve both his strengths and weaknesses as well as improving the performance of his whole team.Factors affecting performanceThere are many factors that could affect the performance of Varaz. These elements arePhysiological Because Varaz is short, this could affect his perform ance as a goalkeeper. In other words, Varaz cant be able to catch balls especially if they are high. In addition, he can be blocked soft while he is trying to catch the ball. In addition, Varaz doesnt have a strong body or strong muscles and this could be an obstacle while he is trying to block his opponents from kicking the ball. Besides, he still doesnt have the required experience in order to be an amazing goalkeeper like the famous goalies.Psychological The psychological element can be identified in the idea that Varaz has a self-confidence issue. In other words, he begins to feel fright by the opponents and this could lead to his impairment to do his job well. He also becomes dispirited quickly. Thats why when he fails to block a certain ball, he believes that his team is going to lose the match and that he will continue his failure till the end of the match. Finally, he gets nervous very quickly and thats why his reactions could cause him problems with other players of his team or with the opponents.Social factors one of the best traits in the personality of Varaz and that affect his performance as a goalkeeper is when he becomes propel and enthusiastic to play well, he transfers this enthusiasm and cheerfulness to the players in his team. This leads to pushing the players to do their best in order to score and leads to pushing Varaz himself to do whatever it takes to prevent the other team from scoring. However, when Varaz gets unmotivated, he also transfers this negative energy to his players and causes them depression which could lead to their bad performance while playing the game.Training course of studySundayMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturday1-3 weeksQuicknessJumping4-7 weeksQuicknessJumpingQuickness8-13 weeksQuicknessQuicknessJumpingJumpingThis table has been created following the SPORT principlesSpecificityThis table was created to improve the skills of Varaz related to jumping and celerity. Thats why he must improve his performa nce in order to catch the ball quickly and focus on the ball itself instead of focusing on the player who kicks the ball. This training also will help Varaz to jump high in order to prevent the problems that leads to his disability to catch high balls.ProgressionWe started the first four weeks with quickness and jumping training and activities on Thursday and Friday. In addition, during the last five weeks, there will be four sessions that include cardinal quickness activities and two jumping activities. This means that we are moving forward to increase the number of sessions one by one to cause regular improvement.OverloadWeek after week, the number of sessions will be increased. This will cause load on Varaz but he must do these trainings and activities to be able to become one of the best goalkeepers all over the world. The time of each session will be raise by 15 minutes.ReversibilityVaraz doesnt suffer from any kind of injury or broken arms or foot. However, if he starts to f eel pain in any organ, the training will be stopped till he becomes better. This is because if we push him to do more than he can, he will be very depressed quickly and this could lead to the lack of his skills instead of improving them.TediumIn order not to make Varaz feel demotivated or depressed, we will cranny him times of breaks and provide him with snacks as well as means of entertainment. This will help him to feel better and not to be tired a lot. For example, we will offer him television so that he could watch it or a free time in which he can do any activity he likes.This table has been created following the FITT principleFrequency Varaz will have two sessions on the first three weeks one for jumping and one for quickness. During the second period, the sessions will be increased to reach three sessions two quickness trainings and one jumping. Finally, the sessions will reach four and will involve two jumping trainings and two quickness activities.Intensity In order for Va raz to improve his performance, he has to put his one hundred percent skills in the jumping training since he is short and half of his power in the quickness training.Time the sessions during the first period were about thirty minutes. Later, we started to increase the timing of sessions by fifteen minutes so that the whole time of each session will be 45 minutes.Type jumping so that he can catch high balls and quickness to catch the balls quickly and prevent the other team from scoring.References10 Awesome Tips for Soccer Goalies. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2017, from soccer training guide http//www.soccer-training-guide.com/soccer-goalkeeper.html.WKnE4dJ97cdMawdoo3. (2015). how to be an excellent goalkeeper. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from mawdoo3.com http//mawdoo3.com/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2Rizzardo, J. (n.d.). The Roles Responsibilities of the Goalkeeper in Soccer. Retriev ed February 19, 2017, from ehow http//www.ehow.com/info_12114108_roles-responsibilities-goalkeeper-soccer.htmlSoccer-Universe. (2013). Goalkeeping. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from soccer universe.com http//www.soccer-universe.com/goalkeeping.htmlUnited States players profiled, strengths and weaknesses. (2014). Retrieved February 19, 2017, from bayern central http//www.bayerncentral.com/2014/06/united-states-players-profiled-strengths-weaknesses/

Therapeutic Recreation Models

Therapeutic diversion good examplesTherapeutic deflection seeks to promote the potentiality and ability of groups and individuals to make self determined and responsible choices, in light of their deprivations to grow, to explore new perspectives and possibilities, and to realise their full potential.Within this assignment I am going to critically equate and evaluate the use of the following models in the Therapeutic Recreation Service The Leisure Ability Model and the wellness Promotion/ health Protection Model. In doing so I will firstly describe the both models in detail and then critically compare and evaluate them both and their use in the remedy diversionary attack service.The Leisure Ability ModelEvery human being needs, wants, and deserves unemployed. Leisure presents opportunities to knowledge mastery, scan new skills, meet new people, deepen existing relationships, and develop a clearer sense of self. Leisure provides the context in which people can submit, i nteract, express individualism, and self-actualize (Kelly, 1990).A large number of individuals are constrained from full and satisfying vacant inhabits. It then follows that many individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses may experience more frequent, severe, or unrelenting barriers compared with their non-dis adaptedd counterparts, simply due to the presence of disability and/or illness.The Leisure Ability Models underlying basis stems from the concepts of (a) acquire weakness vs. mastery or self-determination (b) essential motivation, internal locale of control, and causal attri merelyion (c) choice and (d) flow.Learned Help slightnessLearned helplessness is the perception by an individual that events happening in his or her life are beyond his or her individual(prenominal) control, and therefore, the individual hauls trying to effect changes or outcomes with his or her life (Seligman, 1975). They will eventually stop wanting to participate in activity or participate in any other way. They will learn that the rules are outside of their control and person else is in charge of setting the rules. Their ability to take a risk will be diminished and they will learn to be helpless. Learned helplessness may present a psychological barrier to full leisure participation and it may, conversely, be unlearned with the provision of well-designed services.Intrinsic Motivation, Internal Locus of Control, and causal AttributionAll individuals are intrinsically motivated to shelter behaviour in which they can experience competence and self-determination. As such, individuals seek experiences of incongruity or gainsays in which they can master the situation, reduce the incongruity, and show competence. This process is continual and through skill acquisition and mastery, produces feelings of satisfaction, competence, and control.An internal locale of control implies that the individual has the orientation that he or she is responsible for the behaviour and outc omes he or she produces (Deci, 1975). Typically individuals with an internal locus of control take responsibility for their decisions and the consequences of their decisions, while an individual with an external locus of control will place responsibility, credit, and blame on other individuals. An internal locus of control is important for the individual to feel self- send outed or responsible, be motivated to continue to seek challenges, and develop a sense of self-competence. http//dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http//www.cnet.com/b.gifAttribution implies that an individual believes that he or she can proceed a fussy outcome (Deci, 1975 Seligman, 1975). An important aspect of the sense of accomplishment, competence, and control is the individuals interpretation of person-to-person contribution to the outcome. Without a sense of personal motive, the likelihood of the individual developing learned helplessness increases greatly.ChoiceThe Leisure Ability Model also rel ies heavily on the concept of choice, choice implies that the individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be equal to(p) to conduct options from which to choose, and the skills and desires to make seize choices. Lee and Mobily (1988) stated that therapeutic frolic services should build skills and provide participants with options for participation.FlowWhen skill take aim is high gear and activity challenge is low, the individual is quite likely to be bored. When the skill direct is low and the activity challenge is high, the individual is most likely to be anxious. When the skill level and activity challenge are identical or nearly identical, the individual is most able to fall upon a state of concentration and energy expending that Csikszentmihalyi (1990) has labeled flow.Treatment ServicesDuring give-and-take services, the lymph gland generally has less control over the intent of the broadcasts and is dependent on the professional judgment and counse l provided by the specialist. The leaf node experiences less freedom of choice during treatment services than any other category of therapeutic pastime service. The role of the specialist providing treatment services is that of healer. Within treatment services, the lymph node has minimal control and the therapist has maximum control. The specialist typically designates the clients level and type of sake, with considerably little arousal from the client. In order to achieverfully produce client outcomes, the specialist must be able to assess accurately the clients serviceable deficits create, design, and implement specialized interpositions to change these deficits and evaluate the client outcomes achieved from treatment programs.http//dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http//www.cnet.com/b.gifThe supreme outcome of treatment services is to eliminate, significantly improve, or teach the client to adapt to existing functional limitations that hamper efforts to engag e fully in leisure pursuits. Often these functional deficits are to the degree that the client has difficulty learning, developing his or her full potential, interacting with others, or being independent. The aim of treatment services is to reduce these barriers so further learning and involvement by the client can take place.Leisure reproductionLeisure education services focus on the client acquiring leisure-related attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Participating successfully in leisure requires a diverse range of skills and abilities, and many clients of therapeutic recreation services do not possess these, induct not been able to use them in their leisure time, or need to re-learn them incorporating the make of their illness and/ or disability. Leisure education services are provided to meet a wide range of client needs related to engaging in a variety of leisure activities and experiences. (Howe, 1989, p. 207).The overall outcome sought through leisure education services is a client who has enough knowledge and skills that an assured and independent choice can be made for his or her future leisure participation. Leisure education means increased freedom of choice, increased locus of control, increased intrinsic motivation, and increased independence for the client.Recreation Participation http//dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http//www.cnet.com/b.gifRecreation participation programs are anatomical structured activities that allow the client to practice newly acquired skills, and/or experience bangment and self-expression. These programs are provided to allow the client greater freedom of choice within an nonionised delivery system and may, in fact, be part of the individuals leisure lifestyle. The clients role in recreation participation programs includes greater decision making and increased self-regulated behaviour. The client has increased freedom of choice and his or her motivation is largely intrinsic. In these programs, the speciali st is generally no longer teaching or in charge per se. The client becomes largely responsible for his or her own experience and outcome, with the specialist moving to an organizer and/or supervisor role.As Stumbo and Peterson (1998) noted, recreation participation allows the client an prospect to practice new skills, experience enjoyment, and achieve self-expression. From a clinical perspective, recreation participation does much more. For instance, recreation opportunities provide clients with respite from other, more arduous, therapy services.Leisure education programs may focus on (a) self-awareness in relation to clients new status (b) learning social skills such as assertiveness, coping, and friendship making (c) re-learning or adapting pre-morbid leisure skills and (d) locating leisure resources appropriate to new interests and that are accessible. Recreation participation programs may involve practicing a variety of new leisure and social skills in a safe, structured enviro nment.In designing and implementing these programs, the specialist builds on opportunities for the individual to exercise control, mastery, intrinsic motivation, and choice. The ultimate outcome would be for each client to be able to adapt to and love with individual disability to the extent that he or she will experience a satisfying and independent leisure lifestyle, and be able to master skills to achieve flow.Health Promotion/ Health Protection ModelThe Health Protection/Health Promotion Model (Austin, 1996, 1997) stipulates that the purpose of therapeutic recreation is to assist persons to recruit following threats to wellness, by helping them to recover themselves or regain stability. (health protection), and secondly, optimising their potentials in order that they may enjoy as high a quality of health as possible (health promotion).Within this model (Austin, 1997, p. 144) states thatthe mission of therapeutic recreation is to use activity, recreation, and leisure to help people to deal with problems that serve as barriers to health and to assist them to grow toward their highest levels of health and wellnessThe health promotion, health protection model is broken up into four broad concepts which are the humanistic perspective, high level wellness, stabilisation and actualisation and health.Humanistic PerspectiveThose who embrace the humanistic perspective believe that each of us has the responsibility for his or her own health and the capacity for making self-directed and wise choices regarding our health. Since individuals are responsible for their own health, it is critical to empower individuals to become involved in decision-making to the fullest extent possible (Austin, 1997). high-ranking WellnessHigh-level wellness deals with helping persons to achieve as high a level of wellness as they are capable of achieving (Austin, 1997). Therapeutic Recreation professionals have concern for the full range of the illness-wellness continuum (Austin, 1997 ). http//dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http//www.cnet.com/b.gifStabilization and Actualization TendenciesThe stabilizing tendency is concerned with maintaining the steady state of the individual. It is an adaptation mechanism that helps us keep stress in a manageable range. It protects us from biophysical and psychosocial harm. The stabilizing tendency is the motivational force behind health protection that focuses on efforts to keep away from or avoid negatively valence states of illness and injury (Pender, 1996, p. 34). The actualization tendency drives us toward health promotion that focuses on efforts to approach or move toward a arrogantly valence state of high-level health and well-being (Pender, 1996, p. 34).HealthKing (1971) and Pender (1996) health encompasses both coping adaptively and growing and becoming. lusty people can cope with lifes stressors. Those who enjoy optimal health have the opportunity to pursue the highest levels of personal growth and devel opment.Under the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model, therapists* recognize that to help clients strive toward health promotion is the ultimate goal of therapeutic recreation. Further, therapists prize the right of each individual to pursue his or her highest state of well-being, or optimal health. TR practice is therefore based on a philosophy that encourages clients to attempt to achieve maximum health, rather than just recruit from illness (Austin, 1997).The Component of Prescriptive ActivitiesWhen clients initially encounter illnesses or disorders, often they become self-absorbed. They have a tendency to withdraw from their usual life activities and to experience a loss of control over their lives (Flynn, 1980). Research (e.g., Langer Rodin, 1976 Seligman Maier, 1967) has shown that feelings of lack of control may bring about a sense of helplessness that can in the long run produce severe depression. At times such as this clients are encountering a significant threat to their health and are not prepared to enjoy and bene tote up from recreation or leisure. For these individuals, activity is a necessary prerequisite to health restoration. Activity is a means for them to begin to gain control over their situation and to overcome feelings of helplessness and depression that regularly accompany loss of control.At this point on the continuum, Therapeutic Recreation professionals provide direction and structure for prescribed activities. Once engaged in activity, clients can begin to perceive themselves as being able to successfully interact with their environments, to start to experience feelings of success and mastery, and to take steps toward regaining a sense of control. lymph nodes come to realise that they are not passive victims but can take action to remediate their health. They are then ready to partake in the recreation component of treatment.The Recreation ComponentRecreation is activities that take place during leisure time (Kraus. 1971). Client need to take part in intrinsically motivated recreation experiences that produce a sense of mastery and accomplishment within a demonstrative of(predicate) and nonthreatening atmosphere. Clients have fun as they learn new skills, new behaviors, new ways to interact with others, new philosophies and values, and new cognition about themselves. In short, they learn that they can be successful in their interactions with the world. Through recreation they are able to re-create themselves, thus combating threats to health and restoring stability. http//dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http//www.cnet.com/b.gifThe Leisure ComponentWhereas recreation allows people to restore themselves, leisure is growth promoting. Leisure is a means to self-actualisation because it allows people to have self-determined opportunities to expand themselves by successfully using their abilities to meet challenges. Feelings of accomplishment, boldness and pleasure result from such growth produc ing experiences. Thus leisure assumes an important role in assisting people to reach their potentials (Iso-Ahola, 1989). Core elements in leisure expect to be that it is freely chosen and intrinsically motivated.The Recreation and Leisure ComponentsAlthough recreation and leisure differ in that recreation is an adaptive device that allows us to restore ourselves and leisure is a phenomenon that allows growth, they share commonalities. Both recreation and leisure are free from constraint. Both involve intrinsic motivation and both provide an opportunity for people to experience a tremendous amount of control in their lives. Both permit us to suspend everyday rules and conventions in order to be ourselves and let our hair down. Both allow us to be human with all of our imperfections and frailties. It is the task of the therapeutic recreation professional to maintain an open, supportive, and nonthreatening atmosphere that encourages these positive attributes of recreation and leisure and which help to bring about therapeutic benefit (Austin, 1996).http//dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http//www.cnet.com/b.gifAccording to Bandura (1986), bolstered efficacy expectations allow clients to have confidence in themselves and in their abilities to succeed in the face of frustration. Thus, clients feel more and more able to be in control of their lives and to meet adversity as they move along the continuum toward higher levels of health. It is the role of the TR professional to help each client assume increasing levels of independence as he or she moves along the illness-wellness continuum. Of course, the client with the greatest dependence on the therapist will be the individual who is in the poorest health. At this point the stabilizing tendency is paramount while the client attempts to ward off the threat to health and to return to his or her usual stable state. At this time the therapist engages the client in prescriptive activities or recreation experience s in order to assist the client with health protection. During prescriptive activities the clients control is the smallest and the therapists is the largest. During recreation there is more of a mutual participation by the client and therapist. With the help of the therapist, the client learns to select, and participate in, recreation experiences that promote health improvement. Approximately midway across the continuum, the stabilising tendency reduces and the actualising tendency begins to arise. Leisure begins to emerge as the paramount paradigm. As the actualisation tendency increases, the client becomes less and less dependent on the therapist and more and more responsible for self-determination. The role of the therapist continues to diminish until the client is able to function without the helper. At this point the client can function relatively independently of the TR professional and there is no need for TR service delivery (Austin, 1997).Comparison of the use of the Leisur e Ability Model to the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in Therapeutic Recreation ServicesThe role of the therapeutic recreation specialist, in order to reverse the consequences of learned helplessness, is to assist the individual in (a) increasing the sense of personal causation and internal control, (b) increasing intrinsic motivation, (c) increasing the sense of personal choice and alternatives, and (d) achieving the state of optimal experience or flow.In theory, then, therapeutic recreation is provided to affect the total leisure behaviour (leisure lifestyle) of individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses through decreasing learned helplessness, and increasing personal control, intrinsic motivation, and personal choice. This outcome is accomplished through the specific provision of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation services which teach specific skills, knowledges, and abilities, and take into consideration the matching of client skill and act ivity challenge.Another persuasiveness is the Models flexibility. One level of flexibility is with the tierce components of service. Each component of service is selected and programmed based on client need. That is, some clients will need treatment and leisure education services, without recreation participation. Other clients will need only leisure education and recreation participation services. Clearly, services are selected based on client need. In addition, programs conceptualized within each service component are selected based on client need.flexibility allow the specialist to custom design programs to fit the needs of every and any client group served by therapeutic recreation. The ultimate goal of leisure lifestyle remains the same for every client, but since it is based on the individual, how the lifestyle will be implemented by the individual and what it contains may differ. As such, the cognitive content of the Leisure Ability Model is not specific to any one populat ion or client group, nor is it confined to any specific service or delivery setting. Some authors, including Kinney and Shank (1989), have reported this as a strength of the Model.According to the model, intervention may occur in a wide range of settings and addresses individuals with physical, mental, social, or emotional limitations (Peterson Gunn, p. 4). The intervention model is conceptually divided into three phases along a continuum of client functioning and restrictiveness. The three phases of therapeutic recreation intervention are arranged in a sequence, from greater therapist control to lesser therapist control, and from lesser client independence to greater client independence. This arrangement is purposeful and is meant to convey that the ultimate aim of the appropriate leisure lifestyle is that it be engaged in independently and freely.SummaryThe Health Protection/Health Promotion Model contains three major components (i.e., prescribed activities, recreation, and leisu re) that range along an illness-wellness continuum. According to their needs, clients may enter anywhere along the continuum. The model emphasizes the active role of the client who becomes less and less reliant on the TR professional as he or she moves toward higher levels of health. Initially, direction and structure are provided through prescriptive activities to help activate the client. During recreation, the client and therapist join together in a mutual effort to restore normal functioning. During leisure, the client assumes primary responsibility for his or her own health and well-being.Evaluation of both models and there use in therapeutic recreation servicesThe overall intended outcome of therapeutic recreation services, as define by the Leisure Ability Model, is a satisfying, independent, and freely chosen leisure lifestyle.In order to facilitate these perceptions, therapeutic recreation specialists must be able to design, implement, and evaluate a variety of activities t hat increase the persons individual competence and sense of control. In relation to leisure behaviour, Peterson (1989) felt that this includes improving functional abilities, improving leisure-related attitudes, skills, knowledge, and abilities, and voluntarily engaging in self-directed leisure behaviour. Thus, the three service areas of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation are designed to teach specific skills to improve personal competence and a sense of accomplishment. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) summed up the importance of these perceptions In the long run optimal experiences add up to a sense of mastery-or perhaps better, a sense of participation in determining the content of life-that comes as close to what is usually meant by happiness as anything else we can conceivably imagine (p. 4).The therapeutic recreation specialist must be able to adequately assess clients skill level (through client assessment) and activity requirements (through activity analysis) i n order for the two to approximate one another. Given Decis (1975) theory of intrinsic motivation which includes the concept of incongruity, therapeutic recreation specialists may provide activities slightly above the skill level of clients in order to increase the sense of mastery. When this match between the activity requirements and client skill levels occurs, clients are most able to learn and experience a higher quality leisure. To facilitate this, therapeutic recreation specialists become responsible for comprehending and incorporating the (a) theoretical bases (including but not limited to internal locus of control, intrinsic motivation, personal causation, freedom of choice, and flow) (b) typical client characteristics, including needs and deficits (c) aspects of quality therapeutic recreation program delivery process (e.g., client assessment, activity analysis, outcome evaluation, etc.) and (d) therapeutic recreation content (treatment, leisure education, and recreation par ticipation).These areas of understanding are important for the therapeutic recreation specialist to be able to design a series of coherent, organized programs that meet client needs and move the client further toward an independent and satisfactory leisure lifestyle. Again, the success of that lifestyle is dependent on the client gaining a sense of control and choice over leisure options, and having an orientation toward intrinsic motivation, an internal locus of control, and a personal sense of causality. The Leisure Ability Model provides specific content that can be addressed with clients in order to facilitate their development, maintenance, and expression of a successful leisure lifestyle. Each aspect of this content applies to the future success, independence, and well-being of clients in regard to their leisure. http//dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http//www.cnet.com/b.gifThe client has reduced major functional limitations that prohibit or significantly limit leisu re involvement (or at least has learned ways to overcome these barriers) understands and values the importance of leisure in the totality of life experiences has adequate social skills for involvement with others is able to choose between several leisure activity options on a daily basis, and make decisions for leisure participation is able to locate and use leisure resources as necessary and has increased perceptions of choice, motivation, freedom, responsibility, causality, and independence with regard to his or her leisure. These outcomes are targeted through the identification of client needs, the provision of programs to meet those needs, and the evaluation of outcomes during and after program delivery. A therapeutic recreation specialist designs, implements, and evaluates services aimed at these outcomesAustin (1989) objected to the Leisure Ability Model on the basis that is supporting a leisure behaviour orientation, instead of the therapy orientation. A number of authors hav e objected to the Leisure Ability Model, having observed that its all-encompassing approach is too broad and lacks the focus needed to direct a profession (Austin, p. 147). Austin advocated an alignment of therapeutic recreation with allied health and medical science disciplines, rather than leisure and recreation professionalsThe Model in PracticeThe Health Protection/Health Promotion Model may be applied in any setting (i.e., clinical or community) in which the goal of therapeutic recreation is holistic health and well-being. Thus, anyone who wishes to improve his or her level of health can become a TR client. TR professionals view all clients as having abilities and intact strengths, as well as possessing intrinsic worth and the potential for change. Through purposeful intervention using the TR process (i.e., assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation), therapeutic outcomes emphasize heighten client functioning. Typical therapeutic outcomes include increasing personal awar eness, improving social skills, enhancing leisure abilities, decreasing stress, improving physical functioning, and developing feelings of positive self-regard, self-efficacy and sensed control (Austin, 1996).

Question Of The American Political Culture Politics Essay

Question Of The American Political Culture Politics EssayThe question on American policy-making culture has been unmatchable of the most debated topic among scholars and policy makers in governmental, while there is an clear comprehending on what might be the source of differences between get together state and other western countries, it has been complicated to understand why Americans govern themselves the way they do. The purpose of this paper is to examine the source of stand firm movement such as Tea Parties, Birthers and their involvement on domestic and foreign policies, by meeting at several(prenominal)ism, nationalism, and political involvement. With more counseling on what Richard R. Lau and Caroline Heldman called the role of self-interest and symbolic attitudesAmerican political culture emphases on egalitarianism and individualism, there ar belief that Americans specifically the elite champion the ideal of autonomy, more than in any other industrial society , for the elites in America they confide governments activities to be harmful and see individual achievement to be more American ( Wilson 1997, 483)According to Almond and Verba (1963) Political culture is defined as beliefs, the attitudes, and values which emphasize the function of a token political system. Moreover, political culture is made up of cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations towards the political system These include skills and knowledge about the operation of the political system, negative and positivistic emotional feelings towards it, and evaluative judgments about the system. Furthermore, Political culture is a unique and patterned form of political philosophy that consists of attitudes on how governmental, political, and economic life should be carried out (Almond and Verba, 1963). Political cultures create a framework for political change and are unique to nations, states, and other root words. A political culture differs from political ideology in that people can disagree on an ideology for example what government should do, but still share a common political culture. This was exhibit in US during the health care debate when most republic disagree with Obama plan to provide health care coverage to lower in arrive Americans, for them these are not the role of the federal government to run genial services as big as that.Scholars in political science have come up with different methods that allows us to understand what type of political culture influences American authorities, these include, individualism, pluralism, cooperative or competiveness, hierarchically or egalitarian, whether tradition or background work as a justification (http//www.answers.com/topic/political-culture)Looking at individualism in America, Tocqueville describes individualism as a reflective and tranquil sentiment that disposes each citizen to cut himself off from the mass of his fellow men. (Turner, 2008) He argues that American individualists are invention to social structure more precisely they are blind to the ways that social structure both enables and constrains personal freedom and well-being. This blindness allows individualists to deny both their indebtedness to society and their moral responsibility for morphologic injustice..( tolerate 2009). Tocqueville idea of individualism describes a pattern of public withdrawal, so long as government protects the property of individualists and allows them to pursue their private happiness they willing see public affairs to other men and invest all of their energies in private projects. (Turner 2008) Moreover how individualism contributes to political culture in American politics is still a topic of Study, scholars like Fischer explains how Americas high economic in equality by Americas exceptionally is attributed to individualistic culture. One attributes the inequality and Americans passivity about it to structural or political forces. In his argument, fisher quotes Willia ms who suggested, The ultimate source of action, meaning, and responsibility is the individual rather than the group. We Americans hold individuals personally responsible for their crimes and do not take in revenge on their kin we frown on nepotism we find suicide attacks unfathomable. Such a culture describes the individual self as unique and asocial. (Fisher 2008, 364) For evince that individualism plays a role in American politics, Williamss points to the emphasis in American law on individual rightsTocquevilles (1969 506-508) argument that equality eventually generates an self-interest such that Americans think after their own needs, they owe no man anything and hardly expect anything from anybody Americans are likelier to attribute the outcome-say, a traffic accident-to individual will or traits, while Indians and Saudi Arabians more often attribute them to social demands. (Fischer 365). However there are disagreement among scholars how much individualistic are American com pare to other western democratic countries, Fisher pointed to different survey demonstrating that American are not as much individualist as are Europeans, for him most American believe in church and group employment, as he pointed out And Americans were least likely to defend the individual against national interests for example, they were among the final in endorsing the idea that the individuals should refuse to support their countries when the nation was in the wrong and to say they would be willing to leave the country for better conditions. With the above arguments unity will wonder what exactly constitute American political culture. For Fischer what distinguishes American culture is not individualism but voluntarism. In contrast to societies based on corporate communities into which individuals are born and to which they are organically bound, American society defines groups-with the great exception of racial groups( Fischer 2008, 368)Moreover, Scholars have argued on how m uch power patriotism has in American political culture, and what role does it have in forming protests movements in America. Patriotism is know to be another tool used by scholars to understand and explain American political culture and the formation of different movements, according to Huddy and Khatib Patriotism items are commonly tinged with political ideology in the United States, resulting in greater apparent patriotism among political conservatives than liberals (Ruddy and Khatid 2007, 63). According to oxford dictionary, Patriotism is defined as the quality of being patriotic vigorous support for ones country. Huddy and Khatid categorized quad different type (scales) of patriotism, including, symbolic, national pride, uncritical, and constructive (Huddy and Khatid, 2007) Constructive patriotism is a complex form of patriotism, as a mixing of love of country with political efforts directed at a change in the stipulation quo. In it addition there is another form of patriotism as stated by Huddy and Khatid as blind patriotism and it is known to contain the following reverse-worded item For the most part, people who protest and license against U.S. policy are vertical, upstanding, intelligent people. (Huddy and Khatid 2007, 65) This seems theoretically similar to the following item from the constructive patriotism which believes that If you love America, you should notice its problems and work to correct them. (Schatz, Staub, and Lavine 1999).as cited in Huddy and Khatid 2007, 65)National identity is extremely endorsed in the United States which might include the first three categories of patriotism however, an expected positive link between national identity and political involvement stands in label contrast to the predicted effects of other forms of patriotism. A strong national identity is expected to increase political involvement. Turner and colleagues self categorization theory, an offshoot of social identity theory, predicts that individuals wit h a strong group identity are most likely to conform to group norms (Turner et al. 1987 Terry, Hogg, and White 1999) as cited in (Ruddy and Khatid 2007, 65). Acts of civic participation are viewed by political theorists as central to national identity in democratic countries and constitute what is seen as normative behavior for a good citizen (Conover, Searing, and Crewe 2004) as cited in (Ruddy and Khatid 2007, 65) however this has been challenged in past 8 years on civic participation and political involvement as the number of voters in US history has been decreasing up to less than 60 percent of population are the one voting , some link low rigging to complex voting process/culture ( cultural or structural). (Brooks 2009) This question on political participation has been the center of discussion among scholars who study American political culture, as they look to how much power individual hold and how far away people believe the Government should be out of their private property . However, one should not limit his search of American political culture only patriotism and individual to explain how American governs themselves. For a fool list that we should look at include what Lipset argue to be American Exceptionalism values that consist of Liberty, Laisez-Faire, Equalitanasism , Populism, Idealism, Openness, and religiosity. (Brooks, 2009)To understand the origin of protest movement, we will need to go back to Huddy commentary of Constructive patriotism as a complex, and mixing a love of country with political efforts directed at a change in the status quo. For Huddy and Khatid American patriots believe that a good citizen who love America should notice its problems and work to correct them, with that spirit, protest movements like the Tea parties, Birthers and even right-wing spill radio are formed, with the believe that they should help prevent problems in their country. Among the mentioned protest movements, the Tea Parties are known to be the most re cent vocal group in America, and scholars have been studying these movements agendas from the time they gained the media attention. The Tea Party movement is known to have emerged in 2009 through a series of locally and across the nation coordinated protests, and is more a conservative political movement,. In 2009 this movement had gatherings and meeting to demonstrate their objection to several Federal laws proposed by Obama administration, including the Emergency economical Stabilization Act of 2008 the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Federal Reserve Transparency Act and health care reform bills (Seleny 2009). These and other protest movements demonstrate how patriotism and individualism strengthen what is known today as American political culture, in otherworld, these two complex concepts explains how American govern themselves, with higher believe in individual freedom of choice, less government interferences in people lives, and more the idea of being an Ameri can, the notion of patriotism and how it is related to the formation of protest movement as well as how is it linked to the idea of individualism.In short, to understand what is wrong with the way Americans govern themselves, and what is right about it? One should look at their political culture and believes, scholars have pointed to two main concept that were discussed above, they include, individualism and patriotism, these two concepts are known to be the main engine of what is known as American politics, they have been the main root of protest movement like the Tea Party and others movements that base their idea on freedom and equality of opportunity but much more in individualism and the sense of being an American which involves patriotism and love of their country.

The Planet Neptune :: Space Astronomy

The wonders of the great planet of mysterious Neptune5,4,3,2,1, LIFTOFF I hazard I see something on the radar, it looks to be as if its a planet I look I have visual contact, blue, thick clouds and maybe a little liquidy substance, probably water. Wait a minute, I think its Neptune We have to report this to the mission control.Neptune, the last planet in the solar system after the planet Pluto was considered not a planet. You might think Neptune and Earth are the same size by just looking at it but it?s not. Neptune is so big that it could fit sixty Earths inside. It is the ordinal largest planet in the solar system. Neptune use to share an orbit with Pluto. That declined when Pluto was considered not a planet anymore. The gravity on Neptune is slightly dense. I?ll recall you an example, I currently weigh 60 pounds on Earth, and on Neptune I would weigh ab issue 71 pounds. That means there?s about an 11-pound distinction on Neptune. The orbit of Neptune is unique. This is becaus e Pluto?s eccentric orbit crosses between Neptune?s orbit. Take an estimate, how long do you think a year on Neptune would be? You probably answered any where between 60 and 90 years. Unfortunately you?re wrong. The correct answer is 165 Earth years. That?s a truly long time A day on Neptune is 16.1 Martian hours or 19.1 Earth hours. The atmosphere on Neptune is made out methane, hydrogen sulfide and water. The temperature on Neptune is 49K or 328F. If you lived on Neptune (which you can?t) you would boil. Neptune has four rings. Two of them are hard to see and are faded, Neptune?s rings are made out of dust. A scientist named Johann Gottfried Galle discovered Neptune. Voyager 2 visited Neptune. Neptune was discovered on September 23, 1846.Neptune was named after an Italian goddess named Poseidon or Nethunus or Neptune.

sting of prejudice Essay -- essays research papers

Sting of PrejudiceIn the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee there atomic number 18 many characters whose lives and thoughts about one a nonher are distorted by prejudice and stereotyping. Three of the many characters whose lives were affected by prejudice are tag Ewell, Tom Robinson and Dolfus Raymond. Bob Ewells mind is distorted in his view of other races. Tom Robinson is a victim of prejudice and is treated unfairly because of the colourize of his skin. The third character Dolfus Raymond is not accepted by the community because he is married to a black woman.These are three very different custody whom by choice or circumstance are forever affected by the hatred associated with prejudice and stereotyping. Bob Ewell is a man who is consumed by hatred, he is very poor and thinks very little of the black people in the community. Bob believes that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings (17). Prejudice in Maycomb is both racial and socio-economic. The Cunninghams dont like the Ewells (226) because they consider them lower class. The Ewells hate and despise the colored folks. (226) The trial has given Bob Ewell the opportunity to not only persecute a black man but to feel in a very public way that he is superior and much believable to the jury because of his race. &nb...